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Human Growth & Development > Chapter 17: Exam 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Late Adulthood

A

The final stage of development begins at age 65

  • 1900, 1 person in 25 was over the age 65, today that has tripled to 1 in 8.
  • By mid-century, more than 1 in 5, by 2050 expect the percentage of Americans over age 75 to double.
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2
Q

Life-span (Longevity)

A

The maximum amount of time a person can live under optimal conditions [depends on its genetic programming]

  • Within right genes and environment, people have the max life span about 115 years
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3
Q

Life Expectancy

A

The amount of time a person can actually be expected to live in a given setting

Review Table 17.1 Life Expectancy of Males/Females born in 2015

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4
Q

Life Expectancy in the US

A
  • Average American newborn female is expected to live 82 years
  • Average American newborn male is expected to live 77 years
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5
Q

Important Differences in Life Expectancies

A

a.) Gender
b.) Race
c.) Geographical Location
d.) Health-related Behavior Patterns

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6
Q

Gender Differences in Life Expectancy
[Men trial woman by five years…why the gap??]

A
  • Heart disease develops later in life for women than in men (estrogen provides protection as well)
  • Men are more likely to die from accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, strokes, suicide, homicide, HIV/AIDS, and some forms of cancer [due to unhealthful habits of men, such as drinking, reckless behavior, and smoking]
    *Many men are reluctant to have regular checkups and talk about health problems with doctors

Review Table 17.2 Life Expectancy at Different Ages in Late Adulthood

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7
Q

Truth or Fiction
Life Expectancy has generally increased in the US over the past few decades

A

True
However, geographic location, lifestyle, and access to health care are all associated with dramatic differences in life expectancy.

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8
Q

Cognitive and Social Changes

A
  • Older people’s memories and fluid intelligence may not be as keen as they once were.
  • Maturity and experiences frequently make them founts of wisdom.
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9
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice against people because of their age

  • Stereotypes paint older people as crotchety, sluggish, forgetful, and fixed in their ways shape the way people respond to older people and may impair their performance
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10
Q

Truth or Fiction
In Colonial America, aging was viewed as positively that men often claimed to be older than they actually were

A

True
Maturity was considered a mark of prestige

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11
Q

Cataracts

A

A condition characterized by clouding of the lens of the eye
[reducing vision, corrected with out patient surgery]

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12
Q

Glaucoma

A

A condition involving abnormally high fluid pressure in the eye

[leading to tunnel vision (lack of peripheral vision) or blindness]

*1 in 250 people over the age of 40 and 1 in 25 people over the age of 80. Rates are higher among African Americans and diabetics

  • Treated with medication or surgery
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13
Q

Presbycusis

A

Loss of acuteness of hearing due to age-related degenerative changes in the ear

[1 person in 3 over the age 65]

  • Declines more quickly in men than in women
  • Taste and smell become less acute as we age
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14
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A disorder in which bones become more brittle, porous and subject to fractures due to loss of calcium and other minerals

[estimated 10 million people in the US over age of 50 have osteoporosis of the hip]

  • causes curvature of the spine called “Dowager’s Hump”
    *Greater risk for women because men typically have larger bone mass
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15
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Temporary suspension of breathing while asleep (more common in late adulthood)

  • Linked to increased risk of heart disease and strokes
  • Treated with surgery widening upper airways or by devices with air pressure
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16
Q

Sexuality

A

Sexual daydreaming, sex drive, and sexual activity all tend to decline with age, but sexual satisfaction remains high.

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17
Q

Physical Changes in Women from Decline in Estrogen

A

a.) Vaginal walls lose elasticity, becoming paler and thinner [and shrinks]
b.) Labia majore lose fatty deposits becoming thinner
c.) Vagina opening constricts
d.) Produce less lubrication

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18
Q

Truth or Fiction
Women lose the ability to reach orgasm after the age of 70

A

Fiction
Unless women have a health problem, they can reach orgasm at any age.

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19
Q

Changes in Men Sexually

A
  • After age 50, men take longer to achieve an erection, becoming less firm because of lowered testosterone levels.
  • Testosterone production declines from about 40 to age 60
  • Sperm production tends to decline but viable sperm maybe produced by men in their 70s, 80s, and 90s.
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20
Q

Patterns of Sexual Activity

A

Sexual satisfaction maybe derived from manual or oral stimulation, cuddling, caressing, petting, and tenderness – all which have been summarized as “good enough sex,” or GES.

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21
Q

Theories of Aging

A
  1. Programmed Theories - see aging as the result of genetic instructions
  2. Cellular Damage Theories - Propose that aging results from damage to cells
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22
Q

Programmed Theories of Aging

A

Views of aging are based on the concept that aging processes are governed, at least in part, by genetic factors.
[governed by a biological clock that ticks at a rate governed by our genes] (seeds of our own demise)

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23
Q

Programmed Theories

A

a.) One theory focuses on built-in limits of cell division [after dividing 50 times, human cells cease dividing and eventually die]

b.) Another theory focuses on the endocrine system releasing hormones into the bloodstream
i. Hormonal changes create age-related changes such as puberty and menopause.
i. as we age, stress hormones (corticosteroids & adrenaline) are left elevated following illnesses, making us more vulnerable to chronic conditions [diabetes, osteoporosis, and heart disease]

c.) Immunological Theory

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24
Q

Immunological Theory

A

A theory of that holds that the immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock [production of antibodies declines with age rendering the body less able to fight off infections.]

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25
Q

Cellular Damage Theories of Aging

A

Views of aging are based on the concept that internal bodily changes and external environmental insults, such as carcinogens and poisons, cause cells and organ systems to malfunction, leading to death.

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26
Q

Cellular Damage Theories

A

a.) Wear-and-tear theory
b.) free-radical theory
c.) cross-linking theory

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27
Q

Wear-and-Tear Theory

A

A theory of aging suggests that over time our bodies become less capable of repairing themselves

28
Q

Free-radical Theory

A

A theory of aging that attributes aging to damage caused by the accumulation of unstable molecules called free radicals.

  • oxidation produces free radicals during metabolism, possibly damaging cell proteins, membranes, and DNA. [Usually disarmed by nutrients and enzymes called antioxidants and as we age our bodies produce fewer antioxidants]
29
Q

Cross Linking

A

Cell proteins bind to one another as we age

[Stiffens collagens toughening tissue supporting tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and bone.]

30
Q

Cross-Linking Theory

A

A theory of aging that holds that the stiffening of body proteins eventually breaks down bodily processes, leading to death

31
Q

Normal Aging

A

Processes of aging that represent a gradual decline of systems and body functions, enabling people to enjoy health and vitality well into late adulthood

32
Q

Pathological Aging

A

Aging in which chronic diseases or degenerative processes, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, lead to disability or premature death

  • People over the age of 65 make up 12% of the population and occupy 25% of hospital beds
  • More than 2 out of 3 adults aged 65 and older live in their homes
    *less than 10% live in nursing homes
33
Q

Truth or Fiction
Most older adults require institutional care

A

Fiction
More than two-thirds of adults over the age of 65 live in their own homes

34
Q

Major Causes of Death

A
  1. Heart Disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Respiratory Diseases
35
Q

Heart Disease

A

Leading cause for men/women 80 and older

36
Q

Cancer

A

Leading cause in women from 40 to 79 and men from 60 to 79

37
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints resulting from conditions affecting the structures inside and surrounding the joints

*Symptoms progress from swelling, pain, and stiffness.

38
Q

Two common types of arthritis

A
  1. Osteoarthritis
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis
39
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A painful, degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear on joints.

*Erosion of cartilage causing bones grinding together
*Joints affected are in knees, hips, fingers, neck and lower back
* 2 out of 3 people over age 65 have this disease

40
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

A painful, degenerative disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints [because of the body’s immune system attacks its own tissue]

  • Onset usually occurs between 40 and 60
41
Q

Substance Abuse
[40% Prescription Drugs in US taken by people over age 60]

A

a.) Blood Pressure medication
b.) Tranquilizers
c.) Sleeping Pills
d.) Antidepressants

42
Q

Adverse Drug Effects Reasons:

A
  1. Dosage of drugs is too high
  2. Some people may misunderstand directions or be unable to keep track of their usage
  3. Many older people may have more than one doctor, and treatment plans may not be coordinated.
43
Q

Truth or Fiction
Substance abuse is rare in late adulthood

A

Fiction
The motives for use among adults differ from those we find among teenagers and early adults

44
Q

Alcohol Consumption

A

Alcohol consumption is lower overall, but many older adults suffer from long-term alcoholism.

45
Q

Accidents

A

9th leading cause of death of older Americans

46
Q

Dementia

A

A condition characterized by deterioration of cognitive functioning [disease processes that damage brain tissue]

47
Q

Causes of Dementia

A

a.) Brain infections
b.) HIV
c.) encephalitis
d.) chronic alcoholism
e.) strokes
f.) tumors

48
Q

Alzheimers Disease (AD)

A

A severe form of dementia characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive lose of cognitive functioning.

5th leading cause of death of older Americans

  • About 1 in 10 people 65 and older, jumping to 1 in 2 among 75 and older.
49
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Fluid intelligence most vulnerable to a decline in late adulthood

Crystallized intelligence can continue to improve throughout much of late adulthood.

50
Q

Retrospective

A

Memories of the past

Divided into two parts:
a.) explicit
b.) implicit

51
Q

Prospective

A

Memories of things to do in the future

52
Q

Explicit Memories

A

Memory for specific information, including autobiographical information, such as what you had for breakfast, and general knowledge, such as state capitals [aka episodic or autobiographical memories]

53
Q

Implicit Memories

A

Automatic memories are based on repetition and apparently do not require conscious effort to retrieve. [learning alphabet or multiplication tables, riding a bike, or using a doorknob.]

Older adults have difficulty discriminating actual events from illusionary events.

54
Q

Associative Memory

A

Remembering that the written letter A has the sound of A, uses associative learning and memory.

***Older adults have greater difficulty discriminating between new and already experienced combinations of items on an associative recognition task [recognizing pairs of words that have been presented before - than between new and already experienced single item recognition task]

55
Q

Binding Hypothesis

A
  1. Older adults are impaired primarily in associating items with one another but not in remembering individual items.
  2. The specific impairment is in recollection when the individual attempts to retrieve the information, reflecting:
    a.) poor binding during encoding
    b.) poor use of strategic processes during retrieval.
56
Q

Neurobiological Models

A
  1. Frontal Regions [executive center of the brain] are involved in directing one’s attention and organizing information and strategic processes.
57
Q

Neurobiological Models

A
  1. Frontal Regions [executive center of the brain] are involved in directing one’s attention and organizing information and strategic processes.
  2. Medial Temporal Lobe binds elements to form memory traces and recovers information in response to the use of proper memory cues.

Neurological research shows that deterioration is evident in aging in the frontal lobes and, to a lesser degree, in the medial temporal lobe [impairing binding, recollection, and the use of effective strategies for the retrieval of information.

58
Q

Long-term Memory

A
  • May reside for a lifetime to be recalled with proper cues but are also subject to distortion, bias, and even decay.
  • Events such as early romances, high school days, music groups, public figures, sports heroes, “life dreams,” and early disappointments are common characteristics of the second and third decades of life.

Sex hormones have their strongest effects in adolescence and early adulthood and the secretion of those hormones are connected with the release of neurotransmitters that are involved in memory formation

59
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

Memory of past events and general knowledge

60
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Memory of things one has planned for the future

61
Q

Swiss Study Found

A

a.) age-related declines in processing speed and working memory. However, there were age-related declines in prospective memory that appeared to be independent of processing speed and working memory. [Even if fluid intelligence remained intact, prospective memory might decline, suggestive of powerful roles for attention and distractibility]

b.) age-related decline in prospective memory is greatest when the task to be completed is not crucial, and the cues used to jog the memory are not very prominent. When the task is important, and older adults use conspicuous cues to remind them, age-related declines in prospective memory tend to disappear. However, adults have to be cognitively intact enough to plan the strategy.

62
Q

Language Development

A
  • Aged 75 and above declines in reading comprehension that is related to a decrease in the scope of working memory. Because of the decline in working memory and impairments in hearing, many older adults find it more difficult to understand spoken language; however, when the speaker slows down and articulates more clearly comprehension increases.
  • Gradual decline in expressive vocabularies [number of words they produce]
    Declines in associative memory and working memory decrease the likelihood that words will “be there” when older try to summon up ideas. [Tip-of-tongue phenomenon]
63
Q

Problem-Solving Test

A

Duncker Candle Problem - the goal is to attach the candle to the wall, using only the objects shown so that it will burn properly.

64
Q

Standard Problem-Solving Methods Require

A
  • Executive functioning to select strategies
  • Working memory to hold the elements of the problem in mind
  • Processing speed to accomplish the task while the elements remain in mind

All have fluid components that decline with age

65
Q

Wisdom

A

We associate age with wisdom.

  • Consider present, past, and future as well as the context in which the problem arises
  • Tolerant of other people’s value systems and acknowledge that there are uncertainties in life that can only attempt to find workable solutions in an imperfect world.
66
Q

The most common chronic health condition among people in late adulthood

A

Hypertension

Human Growth & Development (15 decks)

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