Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1090 Biology (Chapters 1-7) > Chapter 4: Evolutionary origin of cells and their general features > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Evolutionary origin of cells and their general features Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stage 1 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the existence of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

prebiotic soup

A

accumulation of organic molecules and macromolecules in a vastly different Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

reducing atmosphere hypothesis

A

earth rich in water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen gas, methane, and a lack of oxygen gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

extraterrestrial hypothesis

A

carbon-based organic molecules brought by carbonaceous chondrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deep-sea vent hypothesis

A

conversion of N2 to ammonia near deep-sea vents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stage 2 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

polymerization of nucleotides to form RNA and DNA, and amino acids to proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stage 3 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

polymers became enclosed in membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

protobiont

A

organic molecules/macromolecules that acquired a boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stage 4 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

RNA world
hypothetical period when RNA stored information, self-replicated, and catalyzed reactions (ribozymes)

chemical selection
chemical evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

light microscope

A

uses light for illumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electron microscope

A

uses a beam of electrons for illumination

2nm resolution limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

a beam of electrons is transmitted through the biological sample
sample is stained with a heavy metal

*not used to view living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

used to view the surface of a biological sample
sample is coated with a thin metal

*not used to view living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

resolution

A

the ability to view two adjacent objects as distinct from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

contrast

A

the ability to visualize a particular cell structure based on how it looks from adjacent structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

magnification

A

the ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and the object’s actual size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genome

A

the entire compliment of its genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

genes

A

contain information to produce cellular proteins with specific structures and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

components of prokaryotes

A 
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
ribosomes
cell wall
glycolax
pili
flagella (provide motility)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eukaryotes

A

animals, plants, fungi, and protists
organelle
compartmentalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

liquid-liquid phase separation

A

aggregate solutes separate from the bulk solvent to form a dropplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

differential gene regulation

A

every cell expresses a unique set of mRNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

proteome

A

the complete set of proteins that a cell is currently making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cytosol

A

the region outside the membrane-bound organelles and inside the plasma membrane

26
Q

metabolism

A

sum of chemical reactions by a cell or organism

27
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

28
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of a molecule into a smaller one

29
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules into macromolecules

30
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of cellular fillaments

microtubules
intermediate filaments
actin filaments

31
Q

microtubules

A

25nm diameter
hollow
α- and β-tubulin
grow only on the + side - attached to centrosome

cell shape
organization of organelles
chromosome sorting
intracellular movement of cargo
cell motility
32
Q

dynamic stability

A

oscilation between growing and shortening faces in microtubules

33
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule-organizing center

34
Q

intermediate filaments

A

10nm diameter
twisted
keratin, lamin

cell shape
mechanical strenght
anchorage of cell and nuclear membrane

35
Q

actin filaments

A

7nm
spiral
actin

cell shape
cell strenght
intracellular movement of cargo
cell division in animals

36
Q

motor proteins

A

use ATP to produce various types of movement

head (catalyc site)
hinge (place of movement)
tail (achor)

37
Q

movement of cargo

A

motor proteins move

kinesin

38
Q

movement of filament

A

motor proteins are fixed in place

myosin

39
Q

bending of a filament

A

motor proteins and filaments are fixed in place

dynein

40
Q

flagella/cilia

A

appendages that provide motility

dynein
axoneme
basal bodies

41
Q

endomembrane system

A

network of membranes

nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
peroxisomes
42
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double-membrane structure

nuclear pores

43
Q

chromatin

A

complex formed between DNA (chromosomes) and proteins such as histone

44
Q

nuclear matrix

A

nuclear lamina: intermediate filaments and internal nuclear matrix

45
Q

nucleolus

A

assembly of ribosomal subunits

*proteins in ribosomes are made in cytoplasm but assembled in the nucleolus

46
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

network of membranes that form cisternae

lumen (space inside cisternae)

47
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

protein sorting
insertion of membrane proteins
glycosalation (attachment of carbs. to proteins and lipids

48
Q

smooth ER

A

metabolism
storage of Ca 2+
lipid synthesis and modification

49
Q

Golgi

A

cis (close to ER)
medial
trans (close to plasma membrane)

*protein sorting
*processing
glycosalation
proteolysis (enzymes proteases cut polypeptides)
*secretion

50
Q

lysosome

A

small organelles that break down molecules and macromolecules

acid hydrolases

51
Q

vacuoles

A

site that provides storage and/or cell shape regulation

52
Q

central vacuole

A

80% or more of cell’s volume
storage
space-filling
Turgor pressure

53
Q

contractile vacuole

A

expands as water enters the cell and merges with plasma membrane to release excess water

54
Q

food vacuole

A

degradation of food

55
Q

peroxisomes

A

organelle where toxins are broken down

catalase (enzyme)

56
Q

sorting signals

A

short stretches of amino acid sequences within proteins that direct them to their correct cellular location

57
Q

cytosolic proteins

A

complete their synthesis in the cytosol and remain there due to lack of signaling

58
Q

contranslational sorting

A

proteins with an ER sorting signal, destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, or plasma membrane

59
Q

post-translational sorting

A

completely synthesized in the cytosol and contain sorting signals that destin them to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast of peroxisome

60
Q

extra-cellular matrix

A

strenght:
structural support
organization
cell signaling

glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
chitin (in invertebrates)

1090 Biology (Chapters 1-7) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions