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1090 Biology (Chapters 1-7) > Chapter 3: Organic molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Organic molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules with predominantly or entirely C–H and C–C bonds which are hydrophobic and poorly soluble in water

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2
Q

features of carbon

A

ability to form multiple covalent bonds
can form polar and nonpolar bonds
carbon bonds are stable within a large range of temperatures

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3
Q

amino group

A

–NH2
weakly basic (accepts H+)
polar

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4
Q

carbonyl group

A

–CO

polar

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5
Q

carboxyl group

A

–COOH

acidic (gives up H+)

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6
Q

hydroxyl

A

–HO

polar

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7
Q

methyl

A

–CH3

nonpolar

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8
Q

phosphate

A

–PO4 2-
polar
weakly acidic

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9
Q

sulfate

A

–SO4 -

polar

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10
Q

sulfhydryl

A

–SH

polar

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11
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a water molecule is released when monomers are linked together

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12
Q

hydrolisis reaction

A

a water molecule is used to break the linkage that holds monomers

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13
Q

carbohydrates

A

macromolecules made of C, H, and O atoms

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14
Q

monossacharides

A

simplest carbohydrates

pentoses: ribose (C5H10O5) and deoxyribose (C5H10O4)
hexoses: galactose, fructose, and glucose (C6H12O6)

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15
Q

isomers

A

molecules with identical chemical formulas but different structures (C6H12O6)

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16
Q

dissacharides

A

monossacharides linked together by dehydration reactions

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17
Q

glycosidic bond

A

bond formed between two sugar molecules by dehydration

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18
Q

polussacharides

A

many monossacharides linked together to form long polymers

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19
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage

most branching

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20
Q

starch

A

energy storage

some branching

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21
Q

cellulose

A

structural

linear/no branching

22
Q

peptidoglycans

A

structural

bacterial wall cells

23
Q

chitin

A

structural
skeleton of insects and crustaceans
cell walls in fungi

24
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

abundant in cartilage

extra-cellular matrix

25
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic molecules composed mainly of H and C atoms, and some O
nonpolar
poorly soluble in water
NOT macromolecules because they are not made of monomers that are covalently bonded

26
Q

triglycerides

A

(fats)

glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acids

27
Q

phospholipids

A

glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group and a N-containing molecule
fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
N-head is hydrophilic

28
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

triglycerides in which all carbons in the hydrocarob chain form single bonds (C–C)
maximal number of attached hydrogens

29
Q

monounsaturated fatty acids

A

contain one C=C double bond

introduces a kink

30
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

contain two or more C=C double bonds

31
Q

steroids

A

four fused rings of carbon

32
Q

waxes

A

all waxes contain one or more hydrocarbons and long structures that resemble a fatty acid attached by its –COOH to another long hydrocarbon chain

33
Q

proteins

A

proteins are polymers of amino acids
contain an alpha C
–NH2 (base-accepts a H+)
–COOH (acidic-looses a H+)

34
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond formed between a –COOH and an amino acid

dehydration reactions

35
Q

polypeptide

A

multiple amino acids joined by peptide bonds

36
Q

N-terminus

A

end of a polypeptide with a free –NH2

37
Q

C-terminus

A

end of a polypeptide with a free –COOH

38
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

39
Q

secondary structure

A

the folding of amino acid sequences into a more compact structure, bonded through H-bonds
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

40
Q

tertiary structure

A

all secondary structures plus random coiled regions folding into a 3-dimentional shape

41
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides may bind to each other to form a functional protein

42
Q

factors that determine protein structure

A

H-bonds
ionic bonds and othe polar interactions
wan der Waal dispersion forces
hydrophonbic effect

disulfide bridges, (–SH), cysteines
*NOT in protein-protein interactions

43
Q

domains

A

found in different proteins that have the same 3-dimenssional tertiary structure in all of them and performs a characteristic function

44
Q

nucleic acids

A

macromolecules responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic material

45
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

stores information coded in the sequence of their building blocks

46
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acids)

A

decodes information in DNA into “instructions” for the linking of specific sequences of amino acids to form a polypeptide

47
Q

nucleotide

A

monomers of nucleic acids
phosphate group
sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)
base

48
Q

purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

49
Q

pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine and thymine (uracil)

50
Q

base pairing rule

A

AT/GC

1090 Biology (Chapters 1-7) (6 decks)

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