Chapter 1: Principles of Biology

Question 1

What does the cell theory state?

Answer 1

1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest units of life
3. New cells can only come from pre-existing cells by cell division

Question 2

What are the 12 principles of biology?

Answer 2

1. Cells are the simplest units of life
2. Living organisms use energy
3. Living organisms interact with the environment
4. Living organisms maintain homeostasis
5. The genetic material provides a blueprint that allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce
6. Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next and are related by an evolutionary history
7. Structure determines function
8. New properties emerge from complex interactions
9. Biology is an experimental science
10. Biology is a quantitative science
11. Biologists use models and simulations to test experimental predictions and convey their ideas
12. Biology affects our society

Question 3

Biological levels of organization

Answer 3

atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organisms
populations
communities
ecosystems
biosphere

Question 4

Evolution - vertical descent with mutation

Answer 4

new species evolve from pre-existing ones by the accumulation of mutations

Question 5

Natural selection

Answer 5

when a mutation causes a benefitial change, the frequency of the mutation may increase in a population from one generation to the next

Question 6

Evolution - horizontal gene transfer

Answer 6

a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Question 7

Domains

Answer 7

eukarya, bacteria and archaea

Question 8

Taxonomic groups

Answer 8

domain
supergroup
kingdom
phylum
class
order
familiy
genus
species

Question 9

adaptation

Answer 9

a characteristic in a species that is the result of natural selection

Question 10

Escherichia coli

Answer 10

a bacterium

Question 11

model organisms

Answer 11

organisms studied by many different researchers so that they can compare their results and determine scientific principles that apply more broadly to other species

Question 12

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 12

a yeast

• saccharide
• cerebro

Question 13

Drosophilia melanogaster

Answer 13

a fruit fly

• phylum
• Drogo

Question 14

Caenorhabditis elegans

Answer 14

a nematode worm

*elegant

Question 15

Mus musculus

Answer 15

a mouse

Question 16

Arabidopsis thailiana

Answer 16

a flowering plant

Question 17

ecology

Answer 17

the study of organisms in their natural environment

Question 18

anatomy

Answer 18

study of structures of plants and animals

Question 19

physiology

Answer 19

study of functions of plants and animals

Question 20

cell biology

Answer 20

study of cells and their interactions

Question 21

molecular biology

Answer 21

study of structure and functions of the molecules and macromolecules of life

Question 22

discovery-based science

Answer 22

the collection and analysis of data without having a preconcieved hypothesis