Chapter 4: Ethics in Research

Question 1

What 5 changes were made in the Milgram “Authority” experiment?

Answer 1

1) stopped treatment at the 150V mark
2) used a screening process to not select people who will have severely negative reactions to the experiment
3) participants were told at least 3 times that they could withdraw from the study at any time
4) administering a sample shock to participants (with consent) to see what they were doing to the actor
5) debriefing immediately after the experiment.

Question 2

name 4 responsibilities of researchers in terms of maintaining the integrity of the discipline of science

Answer 2

1) maintain honesty
2) report scientific research
3) give appropriate credit
4) consider how knowledge obtained in their study should be used.

Question 3

2 basic categories of ethical responsibility

Answer 3

1) responsibility to ensure the welfare and dignity of individuals
2) responsibility to the discipline of science to remain honest and accurate in reporting their research

Question 4

ethical principles dictate that the ____ invasive but most accurate measurement instruments should be used

Answer 4

the least invasive.

Question 5

Name 5 things that ethical principles dictate

Answer 5

1) what measurement instruments should be used
2) how data should be analyzed
3) how data should be reported
4) what research strategies could be used
5) what research designs could be used
6) what individuals should be selected for a study

Question 6

the ___ ___ Board reviews research involving humans

Answer 6

the institutional review board

Question 7

the _________ committee reviews research involving non humans

Answer 7

institutional animal care and use committee reviews research involving non humans

Question 8

When do the review boards review the ethics of research?

Answer 8

BEFORE the research begins. not after the research was done

Question 9

what year did research committees begin establishing research ethics on human participants?

Answer 9

after WWII when they realized the Nazis committed horrible war crimes

Question 10

Nuremberg Code

Answer 10

10 guidelines for ethical treatment of HUMAN participants in research

Question 11

declaration of helinski

Answer 11

medical research involving humans

Question 12

What are the 3 basic principles of the Belmont Report

Answer 12

1) respect: individuals should content to participate
2) beneficience: no harm should be done –> minimize harm and maximize benefits
3) justice: fairness in procedures for selecting participants

Question 13

most important guideline of the APA guidelines. What code are the APA guidelines similar to?

Answer 13

1) DO NO HARM: protect from any unnecessary physical and psychological harm
- if there is any risk, it has to be justified.
- participants must be informed

The APA guidelines are similar to the Nuremberg code guidelines

Question 14

The ethical responsibility of the clinician to provide the best treatment to the participants is called ____-

Answer 14

clinical equipose.

Question 15

if an experimenter is testing effectiveness of drugs and he gives some people the best drug and others a drug that isn’t as good, which principle is being violated?

Answer 15

the do no harm principle

Question 16

3 main aspects of major ethical issues

Answer 16

1) informed consent
2) debriefing
3) confidentiality

Question 17

3 components of informed consent

Answer 17

1) information: need to give people information about the experiment
- sometimes you might need to use deception if fully informing them before the experiment would alter the results

2) understanding: make sure participants understand what you are doing.
3) voluntary participation: researchers need to ensure they are not intimidating the volunteers into saying yes. participants need to make the decision to participate in the study based on their own free will

Question 18

what should a person know before volunteering for a study?

Answer 18

1) the researcher and the insitution they belong to
2) title of study
3) overall purpose of the study
4) description of what’s involved
5) risks
6) any benefits for participating
7) if results will be confidential
8) assurance that you could refuse to participate at any time, or void your scores
9) contact information
10) reimbursement

Question 19

criteria you must fulfill to be allowed to use deception in the research design

Answer 19

1) it must be necessary
2) you cannot hide information from the participant that is expected to cause extreme physical and severe emotional pain.

Question 20

passive deception

Answer 20

omission and withholding information (secrets)

Question 21

active deception

Answer 21

lying or presenting false information

Question 22

after an experiment that involves deception, you must ___

Answer 22

debrief and dehoax the experiments

Question 23

dehoaxing

Answer 23

explaining the true purpose of the experiment

Question 24

destabilizing

Answer 24

the act of trying to reduce any stressors that may have been caused during the experiment

Question 25

to ensure anonymity and confidentiality, _______ for the group of participants are taken

Answer 25

averages. in multi-person studies, you don’t know the scores belonging to each specific individual person

Question 26

Who makes up the IRB?

Answer 26

Institutional Review Board is made up of scientists and non scientists

Question 27

IRB criteria

Answer 27

1) minimization of risks to participants
2) reasonable risks in relation to benefit
3) equitable selection
4) informed consent
5) documentation of informed consent
6) data monitoring
7) privacy and confidentiality

Question 28

Who makes up the IACUC?

Answer 28

the institutional animal care and use committee consists of veterinarians, scientists and members of the public

Question 29

the IACUC is like the IRB but it includes ____

Answer 29

it assesses the general care and maintenance of the animal facilities
- looks at animal husbandry, sanitation of housing etc.

Question 30

What is fraud

Answer 30

the explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data

Question 31

why do many scientists turn to fraud

Answer 31

publish or perish

Question 32

how does the science committee work to reduce fraud

Answer 32

1) replication of studies

2) peer reviewing

Question 33

4 blatant forms of fraudulent data

Answer 33

1) researcher fabricates data (doesn’t collect all the data)
2) data is collected but is altered to make things clear in favour of the researchers beliefs
3) missing data is guessed at to have a complete set of data
4) study is suppressed/ not published because it came out the wrong way

Question 34

plagiarism

Answer 34

deliberately taking ideas or data from someone else and claiming them as ones own (even if cited)

Question 35

3 parts to informed consent

Answer 35

1) information: pts must know what is happening in the experiment
2) understanding: they must understand what is happening
3) voluntary participation: no coercion