Chapter 4: Ethics in Research Flashcards
What 5 changes were made in the Milgram “Authority” experiment?
1) stopped treatment at the 150V mark
2) used a screening process to not select people who will have severely negative reactions to the experiment
3) participants were told at least 3 times that they could withdraw from the study at any time
4) administering a sample shock to participants (with consent) to see what they were doing to the actor
5) debriefing immediately after the experiment.
name 4 responsibilities of researchers in terms of maintaining the integrity of the discipline of science
1) maintain honesty
2) report scientific research
3) give appropriate credit
4) consider how knowledge obtained in their study should be used.
2 basic categories of ethical responsibility
1) responsibility to ensure the welfare and dignity of individuals
2) responsibility to the discipline of science to remain honest and accurate in reporting their research
ethical principles dictate that the ____ invasive but most accurate measurement instruments should be used
the least invasive.
Name 5 things that ethical principles dictate
1) what measurement instruments should be used
2) how data should be analyzed
3) how data should be reported
4) what research strategies could be used
5) what research designs could be used
6) what individuals should be selected for a study
the ___ ___ Board reviews research involving humans
the institutional review board
the _________ committee reviews research involving non humans
institutional animal care and use committee reviews research involving non humans
When do the review boards review the ethics of research?
BEFORE the research begins. not after the research was done
what year did research committees begin establishing research ethics on human participants?
after WWII when they realized the Nazis committed horrible war crimes
Nuremberg Code
10 guidelines for ethical treatment of HUMAN participants in research
declaration of helinski
medical research involving humans
What are the 3 basic principles of the Belmont Report
1) respect: individuals should content to participate
2) beneficience: no harm should be done –> minimize harm and maximize benefits
3) justice: fairness in procedures for selecting participants
most important guideline of the APA guidelines. What code are the APA guidelines similar to?
1) DO NO HARM: protect from any unnecessary physical and psychological harm
- if there is any risk, it has to be justified.
- participants must be informed
The APA guidelines are similar to the Nuremberg code guidelines
The ethical responsibility of the clinician to provide the best treatment to the participants is called ____-
clinical equipose.
if an experimenter is testing effectiveness of drugs and he gives some people the best drug and others a drug that isn’t as good, which principle is being violated?
the do no harm principle
3 main aspects of major ethical issues
1) informed consent
2) debriefing
3) confidentiality
3 components of informed consent
1) information: need to give people information about the experiment
- sometimes you might need to use deception if fully informing them before the experiment would alter the results
2) understanding: make sure participants understand what you are doing.
3) voluntary participation: researchers need to ensure they are not intimidating the volunteers into saying yes. participants need to make the decision to participate in the study based on their own free will
what should a person know before volunteering for a study?
1) the researcher and the insitution they belong to
2) title of study
3) overall purpose of the study
4) description of what’s involved
5) risks
6) any benefits for participating
7) if results will be confidential
8) assurance that you could refuse to participate at any time, or void your scores
9) contact information
10) reimbursement
criteria you must fulfill to be allowed to use deception in the research design
1) it must be necessary
2) you cannot hide information from the participant that is expected to cause extreme physical and severe emotional pain.
passive deception
omission and withholding information (secrets)
active deception
lying or presenting false information
after an experiment that involves deception, you must ___
debrief and dehoax the experiments
dehoaxing
explaining the true purpose of the experiment
destabilizing
the act of trying to reduce any stressors that may have been caused during the experiment
to ensure anonymity and confidentiality, _______ for the group of participants are taken
averages. in multi-person studies, you don’t know the scores belonging to each specific individual person
Who makes up the IRB?
Institutional Review Board is made up of scientists and non scientists
IRB criteria
1) minimization of risks to participants
2) reasonable risks in relation to benefit
3) equitable selection
4) informed consent
5) documentation of informed consent
6) data monitoring
7) privacy and confidentiality
Who makes up the IACUC?
the institutional animal care and use committee consists of veterinarians, scientists and members of the public
the IACUC is like the IRB but it includes ____
it assesses the general care and maintenance of the animal facilities
- looks at animal husbandry, sanitation of housing etc.
What is fraud
the explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data
why do many scientists turn to fraud
publish or perish
how does the science committee work to reduce fraud
1) replication of studies
2) peer reviewing
4 blatant forms of fraudulent data
1) researcher fabricates data (doesn’t collect all the data)
2) data is collected but is altered to make things clear in favour of the researchers beliefs
3) missing data is guessed at to have a complete set of data
4) study is suppressed/ not published because it came out the wrong way
plagiarism
deliberately taking ideas or data from someone else and claiming them as ones own (even if cited)
3 parts to informed consent
1) information: pts must know what is happening in the experiment
2) understanding: they must understand what is happening
3) voluntary participation: no coercion
