Chapter 4 Ethics and Social Responsibility

Question 1

ethics

Answer 1

a set of moral principles or values that define right and wrong for a person or group

Question 2

ethical behavior

Answer 2

behavior that conforms to a society’s accepted principles of right and wrong

Question 3

workplace deviance

Answer 3

unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong

Question 4

what are the four types of workplace deviance?

Answer 4

production deviance, property deviance, political deviance, and personal aggression

Question 5

production deviance

Answer 5

unethical behavior that hurts the quality and quantity of work produced

Question 6

property deviance

Answer 6

unethical behavior aimed at the organization’s property or products

Question 7

political deviance

Answer 7

sing one’s influence to harm others in the company

Question 8

personal aggression

Answer 8

hostile or aggressive behavior toward others

Question 9

US Sentencing Commissions Guidelines for Organizations

Answer 9

established rules and guidelines that companies can be prosecuted and punished

Question 10

to whom do the US Sentencing Commissions Guidelines apply?

Answer 10

nearly all businesses; nonprofits, partnerships, labor unions, unincorporated organizations and associations, incorporated organizations, and pension funds, trusts, and joint stock companies

Question 11

what influences ethical thinking?

Answer 11

ethical intensity, moral development, and ethical principles

Question 12

ethical intensity

Answer 12

degree of concern that people have about an ethical issue

Question 13

magnitude of consequence

Answer 13

total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision

Question 14

social consensus

Answer 14

agreement on whether behavior is bad or good

Question 15

probability of effect

Answer 15

the chance that something will happen that results in harm to others

Question 16

temporal immediacy

Answer 16

the time between an act and the consequences the act produces

Question 17

proximity of effect

Answer 17

the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision-maker and those affected by his or her decisions

Question 18

concentration of effect

Answer 18

the total harm or benefit that an act produces on an average person

Question 19

what are the three phases of moral development?

Answer 19

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

Question 20

preconventional level of moral development

Answer 20

people make decisions based on selfish reasons

Question 21

conventional level of moral development

Answer 21

people make decisions to conform to societal expectations

Question 22

postconventional level of moral development

Answer 22

people make decisions based on internalized principles

Question 23

principle of long-term self-interest

Answer 23

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in you or your organization’s long-term self-interest

Question 24

principle of religious injunctions

Answer 24

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not kind and does not build a sense of community

Question 25

principle of government requirements

Answer 25

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimum moral standard

Question 26

principle of individual rights

Answer 26

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others’ agreed upon rights

Question 27

principle of personal virtue

Answer 27

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not honest, open, and truthful and that you would not be glad to see reported in the newspapers or on tv

Question 28

principle of distributive justice

Answer 28

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us; the poor, the uneducated, and the unemployed

Question 29

principle of utilitarian benefits

Answer 29

ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society

Question 30

overt integrity test

Answer 30

written test that estimates jobs applicants honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or punishment of unethical behaviors

Question 31

personality-based integrity test

Answer 31

written test that indirectly estimates job applicants’ honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability and conscientiousness

Question 32

whistle-blowing

Answer 32

reporting other’s ethics violations to management or legal authorities

Question 33

social responsibility

Answer 33

a business’s obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take action that benefit society

Question 34

shareholder model

Answer 34

a view of social responsibility that holds that an organization’s overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders

Question 35

stakeholder model

Answer 35

theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management’s most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders

Question 36

stakeholder

Answer 36

persons of groups with a stake, or legitimate interest, in a company’s actions

Question 37

primary stakeholder

Answer 37

any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival

Question 38

secondary stakeholder

Answer 38

any group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about the company’s socially responsible behavior

Question 39

what are organizations socially responsible for?

Answer 39

economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibility

Question 40

economic responsibility

Answer 40

a company’s social responsibility to make a profit by producing a valued product or service

Question 41

legal responsibility

Answer 41

a company’s social responsibility to obey society’s laws and regulations

Question 42

ethical responsibility

Answer 42

a company’s social responsibility not to violate principles of right and wrong when conducting its business

Question 43

discretionary responsibility

Answer 43

the social rules that a company fulfills beyond its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities

Question 44

social responsiveness

Answer 44

company’s strategy to respond to stakeholders’ economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations concerning social responsibility

Question 45

reactive strategy

Answer 45

social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects

Question 46

defensive strategy

Answer 46

social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet social expectations

Question 47

accommodative strategy

Answer 47

social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all that society expects to solve that problem

Question 48

proactive strategy

Answer 48

a social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to take responsibility for and address the problem