Chapter 13 Motivation

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

Question 2

needs

Answer 2

the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being

Question 3

extrinsic reward

Answer 3

a reward that is tangible, visible to others, and given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks or behaviors

Question 4

intrinsic reward

Answer 4

a natural reward associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

Question 5

equity theory

Answer 5

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly

Question 6

inputs

Answer 6

in equity theory, the contribution that employees make to the organization

Question 7

outcomes

Answer 7

in equity theory, the rewards employees receive for their contribution to the organization

Question 8

referents

Answer 8

in equity theory, others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly

Question 9

outcome/input (O/I) ratio

Answer 9

in equity theory, an employee’s perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with the employee’s contributions to that organization

Question 10

under-reward

Answer 10

a form of inequity in which you are getting fewer outcomes relative to inputs that your referent is getting

Question 11

over-reward

Answer 11

a form of inequity in which you are getting more outcomes relative to inputs than your referent

Question 12

distributive justice

Answer 12

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated

Question 13

procedural justice

Answer 13

the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions

Question 14

expectancy theory

Answer 14

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performances will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

Question 15

valence

Answer 15

the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome

Question 16

expectancy

Answer 16

the perceived relationship between effort and performance

Question 17

instrumentality

Answer 17

the perceived relationship between performance and rewards

Question 18

reinforcement theory

Answer 18

the theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently

Question 19

reinforcement

Answer 19

the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior

Question 20

reinforcement contingencies

Answer 20

cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences

Question 21

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 21

rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those behaviors will be delivered

Question 22

positive reinforcements

Answer 22

strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences

Question 23

negative reinforcements

Answer 23

strengthens a behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior

Question 24

extinction

Answer 24

reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening a behavior

Question 25

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 25

a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior

Question 26

intermittent reinforcement schedule

Answer 26

a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors have occurred

Question 27

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 27

an intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed amount of time has elapsed

Question 28

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 28

an intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average

Question 29

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 29

an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors

Question 30

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 30

an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors

Question 31

goal

Answer 31

a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish

Question 32

goal-setting theory

Answer 32

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward goal achievement

Question 33

goal specificity

Answer 33

the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous

Question 34

goal difficulty

Answer 34

the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish

Question 35

goal acceptance

Answer 35

the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

Question 36

performance feedback

Answer 36

information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal