Chapter 4: Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
What is ATP?
The short-term energy storage molecule of cells
What are exergonic reactions?
A chemical reaction that releases energy
What are endergonic reactions?
A chemical reaction that requires energy
What is the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
It is an energy carrier in living cells, it couples energy-releasing reactions with energy-requiring ones
What is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?
A low-energy compound composed of adenine and ribose and two phosphate groups attached; it is converted to ATP for energy storage when it gains a phosphate group
What is the stroma?
A gel-like matrix rich in enzymes and is enclosed by the inner membrane
What are the thylakoid membranes?
Suspended in the stroma, the flat, sac-like structures that, when grouped together in stacks, are called grana
What is the light-dependent stage?
The first stage of photosynthesis; it requires light energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll; water molecules split to produce oxygen and hydrogen ions and ATP
What is the light-independent stage?
The second stage of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrate through a series of reactions
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
A metabolic reaction that requires oxygen to produce energy for the cell
What are aerobes?
An organism that requires energy
What are anearobes?
An organism that does not require oxygen
What is glycolysis?
An energy-yeilding process occuring in the cell cytosol in which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate in enzyme reactions that do not require oxygen; this first stage of cellular respiration produces two ATP molecules
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytosol
What is pyruvate?
The end product of glycolysis
What is the Kreb’s cycle?
A biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; the second stage og aerobic cellular respiration
What is the electron transfer chain?
The third and final stage of aerobic respiration involving the stepwise transport of electrons
What is alcohol fermentation?
A form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present); glucose is converted to ethanol, a type of alcohol
What is lactic acid fermentation?
A form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid
