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11 Biology > Chapter 15: Immune Response and Defence Against Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Immune Response and Defence Against Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A large molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, that generates an immune response

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2
Q

What is a pattern recognition receptor?

A

A cell receptor that recognises molecular patterns commonly shared by a number of pathogens

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3
Q

What is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?

A

A broad molecular pattern commonly shared by a number of pathogens

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4
Q

What is an epitope?

A

A small part of a larger molecule that binds to a receptor site and is antigenic

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5
Q

What is an innate immune response?

A

A non-specific response to pathogens that are not learned and does not have memory

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6
Q

What is an adaptive immune response?

A

An acquired immune response; after an initial response to a pathogen, the immune system creates a ‘memory’ that leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen

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7
Q

What is callose?

A

A polysaccharide formed in plant cell walls in response to injury

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8
Q

What are defensins?

A

A small, antimicrobial peptide secreted by virtually all plants and animals

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9
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A number of small proteins found in the blood that, when activated, promote chemotaxis, cell lysis nd phagocytosis

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10
Q

What the first three lines of defemse in vertebrates immune system?

A

1st - effective surface barriers that reduce the chance of pathogens gaining entry
2nd - inflammation and the complement system (macrophages (innate immune response))
3rd - the adaptive immune response

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11
Q

Where are mucous memebranes present?

A

Vertebrate respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts

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12
Q

How do cilia act as a defense against pathogens entering the body?

A

Another way to remove mucus is by beating the slender hair-like structures called cilia that line the respiratory tract

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13
Q

What is a lysozyme?

A

An antibacterial enzyme found in tears, saliva and other body fluids, breaks down the cell wall of certain types of bacteria ad causing them to burst (lyse)

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14
Q

What are macrophages?

A

A large white blood cell in tissues that phagocytoses pathogens

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15
Q

What are cytokines?

A

A small signalling molecules that coordinates inflammtion and immune responses, and that lukocytes use to communicate with one another; includes interleukins and interferons

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16
Q

What are mast cells?

A

A cell located in the tissues, which when activated releases granules containing histamine

17
Q

What is histamine?

A

A chemical released by mast cells that increases blood flow and the permeability of capillaries, induces vasodilation

18
Q

What are prostoglandins?

A

A group of lipids that can cause vasodilation, fever and pain

19
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The movement of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either towards (positive chemotaxis) or away from (negative chemotaxis) the chemical stimulus

20
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

21
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

A white blood cell that circulates in the blood and matures when it moves from the blood into the tissues

22
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

A phagocytic leukocyte found in the blood and tissues

23
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A cell that is capable of phagocytosis; includes macrophages and neutrophils

24
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

A membrane-bound vesicle formed around a particle during phagocytosis

25
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

A membrane-bound vesicle formed from the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome

26
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

A process in which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and marked for indegestion and destruction by phagocystosis

27
Q

What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

A complex of complement proteins that forms pores in the membranes of target cels, disrupting the phospholipid bilayer

28
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A type of leukocyte involved in adaptive immune responses

29
Q

What is the difference between a B-cell and T-cell

A

B-cells produce anitbodies while T-cells recognise the anitgen of a specific pathogen

30
Q

Where do B and T cells orginate?

A

B cells develop in the bone marrow while T cells originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland where they are ‘programmed’ to recognise the antigen of a sepcific antigen.

31
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

32
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

When cytotoxic T cells recognise and destroy virally infected and cancerous cells

33
Q

What is the thymus gland?

A

A gland sitting inside the rib cage that is involved in the development of mature T lymphocytes

34
Q

What are cytotoxins?

A

A compund released by cytotoxic T cells that kills infected or cancerous body cells

35
Q

What is the disadvantage of T cells?

A

These cells cause transplant tissue rejection

36
Q

What is the function of helper and/ regulatory T cells?

A

Helper T cells enhance the activity of other immune cellls while regulatory T cells sppress or regulate immune responses

37
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity charcaterised by the transfer of anitbodies from one individual to another; this type of immunity does not show memory

38
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are passed from a mother to her foetus through the placenta or during breastfeeding

39
Q

What is the difference bewteen active and passive immunity?

A

In active immunity, antigens stimulate the production of antibodies and memory cells are produced, in passive immunity, antibodies are responsible for immunity, no memory cells are produced and immunity begins as soon as the antibodies enter the body

11 Biology (16 decks)

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