Chapter 2: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
What is the primary source of energy?
Glucose
What is cellular respiration?
Processes that use glucose and oxygen to break chemical bonds which produces CO2 and H2O
What re the two methods in obtaining glucose?
Photosynthesis and consuming organisms that photosynthesis
What are the two different types of organisms called interns of how they obtain glucose?
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
What are the four classes of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
What are macromolecules?
They build cellular structures and maintain the biochemical processes that keep them living
What is the use of carbohydrates?
They are used as both an energy source and a starting point for synthesis of important macromolecules
What are monosaccharides?
It is a simple carbohydrate glucose, it is the most common single sugar molecules.
What is the function of glucose?
To provide energy for virtually all cellular physiological processes. It is also an important building block needed to synthesise more complex carbohydrates
What are disaccharides?
When two monosaccharides join together.
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose and common table sugar
What are polysaccharides?
A complex carbohydrate that is made by linking together simple sugars
What are polysaccharides used for?
Energy reserves and structural components
What is starch used for?
Due to starch containing high amounts of glucose molecules, they are useful glucose storage molecules, hence, most plants store excess starch in their roots
What is another polysaccharide that is used for storing excess glucose?
Glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?
The liver and muscles
What is cellulose used for in plants?
It is the main component of plant cell walls
What substances are required for the proper functioning of cells?
Amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleic acids, ions and water
What are amino acids?
A nitrogen-containing compound that is the building block of proteins
What are fatty acids and glycerol used for?
They are the subunits that combine to produce two important groups of lipids - the triglycerides and phospholipids
What are the two nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What are nucleotides?
Organic compounds of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
What is the function of DNA?
It is the genetic material of the cell, it coordinates cell activities for the production of proteins
What is the function of RNA?
Due to DNA being too big to leave the nucleus, RNA is used as a messenger to carry instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is a ribosome?
A small structure in all cells that builds amino acids into complex proteins; this organelle is not bound by a membrane
What are some examples of ions?
Ions include sodium and potassium (sodium potassium-pump)
What are the wastes produced by a cell?
CO2, O2, ammonia, urea, uric acid, water ions and heat
What are the waste products produced by autotrophs?
O2 and H2O
What is ammonia turned into that is less toxic?
Urea and uric acid
What is metabolic heat?
The heat generated by chemical reactions of metabolism
What are prokaryotic cells?
A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, a member of domains Archaea or Bacteria, they also exist as single cells
Which is bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Where are the chemical reactions of life carried out in a prokaryotic cell?
In the granular cytoplasm
Where are the ribosomes located in a prokaryotic cell?
Scattered throughout the cytoplasm
What is the function of a ribosome?
To synthesise proteins using instructions from DNA
What is the limitation of prokaryotic cells not being membrane bound?
They cannot perform several different functions at the same time
What are eukaryotic cells?
A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, a member of domain Eukaya
What are the benefits of having membrane-bound organelles in a eukaryotic cell?
Due to distinct compartments that can separate different reactions and provide special conditions, the cell is able to perform different reactions at the same time
Where does cellular respiration occur?
The mitochondria
Where is the mitochondria located?
Scattered throughout the cytosol
What are cristae?
The folding of the inner membrane into the matrix of the mitochondria, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner membrane, it is also where the enzymes for cellular respiration are embedded
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
An organelles in eukaryotic cells consisting of an interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets dividing the cytoplasm into compartments and channels
Where are ribosomes located in the eukaryotic cell?
Some are scattered freely throughout the cytoplasm, but many are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the rough ER
Due to ribosomes being attaches to most of the rough ER membrane, the amino acids produced are pushed through the membrane, while some proteins remain embedded in the membrane
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached
What is the functions of the smooth ER?
Manufactures and metabolises lipids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of steroids. Provides increased surface area for the storage of key enzymes and their product, it also transports materials.
What organelles manufactures lipids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of steroids?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where are phospholipids and cholesterol synthesised?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What are plastids?
A double membrane-bound organelle involved with the synthesis and storage of materials, found in plant cells. They are important sites for the synthesis and storage of a variety of materials
Where are polyphenols synthesised?
Tannosomes
What is polyphenol?
A group of compounds formed by plants to protect them from attack by herbivores and pathogens
What are tannosomes?
A plastid that produces tannins
What are lysosomes?
A cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
A theory that suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from ancient prokaryotic cells that were ingested by other prokaryote host cells
