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11 Biology > Chapter 2: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary source of energy?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Processes that use glucose and oxygen to break chemical bonds which produces CO2 and H2O

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3
Q

What re the two methods in obtaining glucose?

A

Photosynthesis and consuming organisms that photosynthesis

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4
Q

What are the two different types of organisms called interns of how they obtain glucose?

A

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

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5
Q

What are the four classes of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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6
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

They build cellular structures and maintain the biochemical processes that keep them living

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7
Q

What is the use of carbohydrates?

A

They are used as both an energy source and a starting point for synthesis of important macromolecules

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8
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

It is a simple carbohydrate glucose, it is the most common single sugar molecules.

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9
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

To provide energy for virtually all cellular physiological processes. It is also an important building block needed to synthesise more complex carbohydrates

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10
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

When two monosaccharides join together.

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11
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose and common table sugar

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12
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

A complex carbohydrate that is made by linking together simple sugars

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13
Q

What are polysaccharides used for?

A

Energy reserves and structural components

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14
Q

What is starch used for?

A

Due to starch containing high amounts of glucose molecules, they are useful glucose storage molecules, hence, most plants store excess starch in their roots

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15
Q

What is another polysaccharide that is used for storing excess glucose?

A

Glycogen

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16
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

The liver and muscles

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17
Q

What is cellulose used for in plants?

A

It is the main component of plant cell walls

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18
Q

What substances are required for the proper functioning of cells?

A

Amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleic acids, ions and water

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19
Q

What are amino acids?

A

A nitrogen-containing compound that is the building block of proteins

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20
Q

What are fatty acids and glycerol used for?

A

They are the subunits that combine to produce two important groups of lipids - the triglycerides and phospholipids

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21
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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22
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Organic compounds of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

23
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

It is the genetic material of the cell, it coordinates cell activities for the production of proteins

24
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Due to DNA being too big to leave the nucleus, RNA is used as a messenger to carry instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

25
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

A small structure in all cells that builds amino acids into complex proteins; this organelle is not bound by a membrane

26
Q

What are some examples of ions?

A

Ions include sodium and potassium (sodium potassium-pump)

27
Q

What are the wastes produced by a cell?

A

CO2, O2, ammonia, urea, uric acid, water ions and heat

28
Q

What are the waste products produced by autotrophs?

A

O2 and H2O

29
Q

What is ammonia turned into that is less toxic?

A

Urea and uric acid

30
Q

What is metabolic heat?

A

The heat generated by chemical reactions of metabolism

31
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, a member of domains Archaea or Bacteria, they also exist as single cells

32
Q

Which is bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

33
Q

Where are the chemical reactions of life carried out in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In the granular cytoplasm

34
Q

Where are the ribosomes located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Scattered throughout the cytoplasm

35
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To synthesise proteins using instructions from DNA

36
Q

What is the limitation of prokaryotic cells not being membrane bound?

A

They cannot perform several different functions at the same time

37
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, a member of domain Eukaya

38
Q

What are the benefits of having membrane-bound organelles in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Due to distinct compartments that can separate different reactions and provide special conditions, the cell is able to perform different reactions at the same time

39
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

The mitochondria

40
Q

Where is the mitochondria located?

A

Scattered throughout the cytosol

41
Q

What are cristae?

A

The folding of the inner membrane into the matrix of the mitochondria, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner membrane, it is also where the enzymes for cellular respiration are embedded

42
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

An organelles in eukaryotic cells consisting of an interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets dividing the cytoplasm into compartments and channels

43
Q

Where are ribosomes located in the eukaryotic cell?

A

Some are scattered freely throughout the cytoplasm, but many are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

What is the function of the rough ER

A

Due to ribosomes being attaches to most of the rough ER membrane, the amino acids produced are pushed through the membrane, while some proteins remain embedded in the membrane

45
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached

46
Q

What is the functions of the smooth ER?

A

Manufactures and metabolises lipids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of steroids. Provides increased surface area for the storage of key enzymes and their product, it also transports materials.

47
Q

What organelles manufactures lipids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of steroids?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Where are phospholipids and cholesterol synthesised?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

What are plastids?

A

A double membrane-bound organelle involved with the synthesis and storage of materials, found in plant cells. They are important sites for the synthesis and storage of a variety of materials

50
Q

Where are polyphenols synthesised?

A

Tannosomes

51
Q

What is polyphenol?

A

A group of compounds formed by plants to protect them from attack by herbivores and pathogens

52
Q

What are tannosomes?

A

A plastid that produces tannins

53
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

A cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes

54
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

A theory that suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from ancient prokaryotic cells that were ingested by other prokaryote host cells

11 Biology (16 decks)

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