Chapter 2: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

What is the primary source of energy?

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 2

Processes that use glucose and oxygen to break chemical bonds which produces CO2 and H2O

Question 3

What re the two methods in obtaining glucose?

Answer 3

Photosynthesis and consuming organisms that photosynthesis

Question 4

What are the two different types of organisms called interns of how they obtain glucose?

Answer 4

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 5

What are the four classes of macromolecules?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 6

What are macromolecules?

Answer 6

They build cellular structures and maintain the biochemical processes that keep them living

Question 7

What is the use of carbohydrates?

Answer 7

They are used as both an energy source and a starting point for synthesis of important macromolecules

Question 8

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 8

It is a simple carbohydrate glucose, it is the most common single sugar molecules.

Question 9

What is the function of glucose?

Answer 9

To provide energy for virtually all cellular physiological processes. It is also an important building block needed to synthesise more complex carbohydrates

Question 10

What are disaccharides?

Answer 10

When two monosaccharides join together.

Question 11

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Answer 11

Sucrose and common table sugar

Question 12

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 12

A complex carbohydrate that is made by linking together simple sugars

Question 13

What are polysaccharides used for?

Answer 13

Energy reserves and structural components

Question 14

What is starch used for?

Answer 14

Due to starch containing high amounts of glucose molecules, they are useful glucose storage molecules, hence, most plants store excess starch in their roots

Question 15

What is another polysaccharide that is used for storing excess glucose?

Answer 15

Glycogen

Question 16

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 16

The liver and muscles

Question 17

What is cellulose used for in plants?

Answer 17

It is the main component of plant cell walls

Question 18

What substances are required for the proper functioning of cells?

Answer 18

Amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleic acids, ions and water

Question 19

What are amino acids?

Answer 19

A nitrogen-containing compound that is the building block of proteins

Question 20

What are fatty acids and glycerol used for?

Answer 20

They are the subunits that combine to produce two important groups of lipids - the triglycerides and phospholipids

Question 21

What are the two nucleic acids?

Answer 21

DNA and RNA

Question 22

What are nucleotides?

Answer 22

Organic compounds of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 23

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 23

It is the genetic material of the cell, it coordinates cell activities for the production of proteins

Question 24

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 24

Due to DNA being too big to leave the nucleus, RNA is used as a messenger to carry instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 25

What is a ribosome?

Answer 25

A small structure in all cells that builds amino acids into complex proteins; this organelle is not bound by a membrane

Question 26

What are some examples of ions?

Answer 26

Ions include sodium and potassium (sodium potassium-pump)

Question 27

What are the wastes produced by a cell?

Answer 27

CO2, O2, ammonia, urea, uric acid, water ions and heat

Question 28

What are the waste products produced by autotrophs?

Answer 28

O2 and H2O

Question 29

What is ammonia turned into that is less toxic?

Answer 29

Urea and uric acid

Question 30

What is metabolic heat?

Answer 30

The heat generated by chemical reactions of metabolism

Question 31

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 31

A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, a member of domains Archaea or Bacteria, they also exist as single cells

Question 32

Which is bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 32

Eukaryotic

Question 33

Where are the chemical reactions of life carried out in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 33

In the granular cytoplasm

Question 34

Where are the ribosomes located in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 34

Scattered throughout the cytoplasm

Question 35

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 35

To synthesise proteins using instructions from DNA

Question 36

What is the limitation of prokaryotic cells not being membrane bound?

Answer 36

They cannot perform several different functions at the same time

Question 37

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 37

A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, a member of domain Eukaya

Question 38

What are the benefits of having membrane-bound organelles in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 38

Due to distinct compartments that can separate different reactions and provide special conditions, the cell is able to perform different reactions at the same time

Question 39

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 39

The mitochondria

Question 40

Where is the mitochondria located?

Answer 40

Scattered throughout the cytosol

Question 41

What are cristae?

Answer 41

The folding of the inner membrane into the matrix of the mitochondria, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner membrane, it is also where the enzymes for cellular respiration are embedded

Question 42

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 42

An organelles in eukaryotic cells consisting of an interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets dividing the cytoplasm into compartments and channels

Question 43

Where are ribosomes located in the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 43

Some are scattered freely throughout the cytoplasm, but many are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 44

What is the function of the rough ER

Answer 44

Due to ribosomes being attaches to most of the rough ER membrane, the amino acids produced are pushed through the membrane, while some proteins remain embedded in the membrane

Question 45

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 45

Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached

Question 46

What is the functions of the smooth ER?

Answer 46

Manufactures and metabolises lipids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of steroids. Provides increased surface area for the storage of key enzymes and their product, it also transports materials.

Question 47

What organelles manufactures lipids and carbohydrates and the synthesis of steroids?

Answer 47

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 48

Where are phospholipids and cholesterol synthesised?

Answer 48

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 49

What are plastids?

Answer 49

A double membrane-bound organelle involved with the synthesis and storage of materials, found in plant cells. They are important sites for the synthesis and storage of a variety of materials

Question 50

Where are polyphenols synthesised?

Answer 50

Tannosomes

Question 51

What is polyphenol?

Answer 51

A group of compounds formed by plants to protect them from attack by herbivores and pathogens

Question 52

What are tannosomes?

Answer 52

A plastid that produces tannins

Question 53

What are lysosomes?

Answer 53

A cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes

Question 54

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 54

A theory that suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from ancient prokaryotic cells that were ingested by other prokaryote host cells