Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 242 > Chapter 4 - Electrical & Chemical Signalling Between Neurons > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Electrical & Chemical Signalling Between Neurons Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

epilepsy

A

accounts of epileptice seizures throughout human history - often attributed to mystical or demonic forces now attributed to misfiring of electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

galviani - 18th century - view on electrical stimulation and behaviour

A

reflexive responses of disscted frog legs to electrical impulses - figured that must have an impulse at some point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hans berger

A

inventor of the first EEG
waves differ through stages of sleep
electrical activity in the brain forms different wave patterns
confirmation of evolvement of electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

microelectrodes

A
  1. measure a neuron’s electrical activity
  2. deliver an electrical current to a single neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how can it be easier to measure neuronal activity

A

since human neurons are very small - it is easier to look at bigger neurons - the giant axon of the squid which is visible to the human eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions - sodium and potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions - chloride, A- (negatively charged proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two gradients that control the movement of ions

A

concentration gradient
voltage gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

concentration gradient

A

movement of ions to a space where there are fewer of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

voltage gradient

A

opposites attract - movement of ions to a space where they are attracted to based on there charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

movement of chloride ions being impacted by both gradients

A

chloride in one side of the cup
concentration gradient causes it to move to the other side but voltage gradient does not allow a lot to go outside but outside is more negative and inside is more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

resting potential

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rmp

A

a store of negative energy inside the neuron membrane relative to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

internal potential at rmp

A

lots of negative proteins
lots of pottasium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

K+ characterstics

A

eflux of this controls hyperpolarization
easy to get in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

external potential at RMP

A

lots of sodium
lots of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cl- ion characteristics

A

harder to move in and out
influx of these might cause hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 NA out
2 K in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Na+ characteristics

A

causes depolarization by influx
controlled by voltage gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inhibitory signals

A

hyperpolarization - reduce the chance that an action potential will be created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

excitory signals

A

depolarizatin - increase the chance of the action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how an action potential is created

A

when the membrane recieves enough stimulation - voltage gated sodium channels and sidum flows in (depolarization)
pottasium gates open adn potassium goes out (repolarization)
sodium channels inactivate pottasium keeps flowing out (hyperpolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rules of action potential

A
  1. one direction
  2. length of axon
  3. all or none law
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

relative refratory period

A

During relative refractory, voltage-gated potassium channels are open, allowing positively charged potassium ions to leave the cell. Some voltage-gated sodium channels begin to recover from inactivation and may be opened again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

absolute refractory vs relative refractory

A

During absolute refractory, the neuron cannot fire another action potential. Relative refractory occurs after absolute refractory. During relative refractory, it is possible for the neuron to produce another action potential, but it requires a much greater stimulus to reach the threshold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

myelin in CNS

A

oligodendrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

myelin in the PNS

A

shwaan cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

myelin colour

A

white - white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin - where the sodium and potassium channels are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

purpose of myelin

A

signal goes faster - does not recieve resistance at every point - more efficent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

saltatory conduction

A

signal doesn’t react at every point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which disease attacks myelin

A

MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 types of interneuron signals

A

EPSP + IPSP - inhibitory and excitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

temporal summation

A

Temporal summation involves a single presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a single postsynaptic neuron’s synapse. Because the signals are received in rapid succession, they compound into a greater signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

spatial summation

A

Spatial summation involves multiple presynaptic neurons simultaneously sending signals to a single neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where are signals summed

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

postsynaptic potentials can be…

A

graded - vary in strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what affects the influence of the dendrites

A

it’s location in relation to the axon hillock - closer = more influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hair cells + AP

A

displacement of hair cells opens up mechanically gated sodium channels in the sensory neuron
which causes action potential and causes voltage sensitive pottasiuma dn sodium channels to open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

anisthetic

A

prevent’s action potentials

41
Q

which cells have a lot of dendrites

A

cerebellum - purkinje cells

42
Q

deep brain simulation

A

electrodes implanted deep in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low voltage electrical current to facilitate behaviour
- parkinsons, epilepsy, and other brain disorders

43
Q

deep brain stimulation in parkinson’s

A

cell die in substantia nigra - in the mid brain - stimulation in this area

44
Q

hypothesis of the otto loewi

A

stimulated the vagus nerve of a frog heart in water - slow beating
connected fluid transfer also slowed the heartbeat - evidence of chemical neurotransmitter

45
Q

1st neurotransmitter

A

acetylecholine

46
Q

criteria for identifying neurotransmitters

A
  1. chemical must be synthesized or present in neuron - created inside or produced onsite
  2. when released chemical must produce response in target cell
  3. same receptor action must be obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target
    4.there must be a mechanism for removal after chemical’s work is done
47
Q

microtubule

A

transport structure that acrries substances to the axon terminal

48
Q

mitchondrion

A

organelle that provides the cell with energy

49
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

round granule that contains neurotransmitter

50
Q

storage granule

A

large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles

51
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small space seprating presynapti c termicnal and postsynaptic dendritic spine

52
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

encloses membrane that transmit chemical messages

53
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

contains receptor molecules that recieve chemical messages

54
Q

postsynaptic receptor

A

site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds

55
Q

electrical synapses are

A

gap junctions - fast but inflexible
can’t amplify or diminish signal

56
Q

neurotransmitter release

A

action potential reaches terminal
opens calcium channels
calcium binds to protein forming a complex
complex binds to vesicles - releasing some from filaments or exocytosis

57
Q

steps of neurotransmission

A

synthesis
release
receptor action
inactivation

58
Q

synthesis

A

some neurotransmitters are trandported from the cell nucelus and others are made from building blocks imported into the terminal and are packaged into vesicles

59
Q

release

A

in response to an action potential the transmitter is released across the membrane by exocytosis

60
Q

receptor action

A

the transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor

61
Q

inactivation

A

the transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft

62
Q

5 types of inactivation

A

diffusion
enzyme degradation
reuptake
astrocyte uptake
autoreception

63
Q

diffusion - inactivation

A

float away - maybe picked up by other cells

64
Q

enzyme degradation

A

neurotransmitter will be broken down by enzymes

65
Q

reuptake

A

taken back up into presynaptic cell

66
Q

astrocyte uptake

A

taken back up by astrocyte and used again at some point

67
Q

autoreception

A

might engage the neurotransmitter on presynaptic cell - used as feedback mechanism

68
Q

neurotransmitter activated receptors

A

act as binding sites for specific neurotransmitters

69
Q

two types of receptors

A

ionotropic + metbotropic

70
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

simple
fast
lets ions in
depolarixe or hyperpolarize

71
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

involved and delayed
g protein + 2nd messenger
first messenger is metabotropic receptor
second messenger is g protein which sends enzyme to nucleus to change DNA

72
Q

dna change by metatropic receptor

A

results in structural changes in neurons

73
Q

examples of plastic changes in neuron

A
  • increased axonal transport
  • increase in number of synaptic vesicles
  • changes in size of synaptic cleft
  • change in stem length and width
  • increase in protein transport for spine construction
  • increase in size or area of spine
  • increase in density of contact zones
  • increase in size or area of terminal
  • more dendrites
    goes both ways - increase/decrease
    changes dont stay
74
Q

neurotransmitter activating systems

A

a series of connected neural pathways in which one specific neurotransmitter dominates

75
Q

main neurotransmitters

A

acetylecholine
dopamine
norepinphrine
serotonin

76
Q

acetylcholine function

A

in cholinergic system - midbrain and basal forebrain
learning, memory
with attention and waking us up
primary NT of the PNS
goes to muscle fibers and depolarizes

77
Q

norepinephrine function

A

in the noradrenergic system
provides energy to sympathetoc nervous system to kickstart with acetylcholine

78
Q

two main pathways of dopamine

A

nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathway

79
Q

nigrostriatal pathway for dopamine

A

repetitive and moderated movements in the substantia nigra

80
Q

mesolimbic pathway for dopamine

A

in the basal ganglia - nucleus accumbens - reward center

81
Q

overactivity of dopamine leads

A

schizophrenia

82
Q

seratonin function

A

in brainstem and digestin
- mood and emotion
schizophrenia + lsd - HALLUCINATONS
controls appetitive since its lined with seratonin neurons
major NT in sleep cycles

83
Q

glutamate

A

excitory in the CNS
most numerous

84
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory in the CNS

85
Q

neuroinflammatory response

A

defense mechanisms that intially protect the brain against pathogens
carried out by microglia and assisted by atsrocytes
glutamate and GAB modulate

86
Q

too much glutamate

A

excitoprosisity - overexitability - overinflammation - damage aka stroke
astrocytes supposed to help with reuptake of glutamate

87
Q

role of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases

A

both can switch from neuroptoective role to neurotoxic one - may differ with the severity and stage of disease

88
Q

neuropeptide NTs

A

opiods and endorphins
natural painkillers - drugs

89
Q

agonist

A

substance that enhances the function of neurtransmitters at a synapse

90
Q

antagonist

A

substance that inhibits the function of neurotransmitters at a synapse

91
Q

Ach agonist - diet

A

choline rish diet increases acetylcholine - not produced naturally in CNS

92
Q

agonist ACh - black widow

A

starts as agonist - increases acetylcholine - muscle switches - exahusts - rigid muscle - stop breathing - not usually in humans

93
Q

botulin antagonist Ach

A

boutlin toxin blocks release - type of food poisioning

94
Q

agonist Ach nicotine

A

nicotine stimulates Ach with sensitivyt increase for nicotine - increases focus

95
Q

anatognist in Ach - curare

A

blocks and crowds receptors

96
Q

agonsit - Ach enzymes

A

physostigmine and organophosphates block enzyme degradation

97
Q

agonist MAO inhibior seratonin

A

inhibits breakdown of seratonin so there is more for release

98
Q

selective seratonin reuptake - agonist

A

block transporter protein for serotonin reuptake so that serotonin stays in the syanpse longer

Psych 242 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions