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Psych 242 > Chapter 3 - Cell Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Function Flashcards

1
Q

what was the debate in the early 1900s

A

about what is the smallest unit of human thought

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2
Q

camillo golgi’s view on the smallest unit of human thought

A

collection of fibers working together - no cell bodies - did the golgi stain

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3
Q

Golgi stain

A

used colour stain to discover neuron’s cell bodies - opposed his theory

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4
Q

santiago ramon y cajal view on smallest unit of human thought

A

each fibers is connected to cell - discovery of neuron

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5
Q

purpose of neuron

A

recieve and send signals from other neurons

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6
Q

what does a typical neuron have

A

lots of dendrites

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7
Q

dendrite purpose

A

recieve signals

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8
Q

axon

A

generate electrical impulse - AP

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9
Q

axon terminals

A

lots of terminals
send signals
very short or very long

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

conserving energy and preserving energy loss

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11
Q

sensory neuron

A

most simple neurson
basic kind of neuron
bring information to the central nervous system
allows us to sense the world

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12
Q

pyramidal cells

A

cortical neurons/neurons in forebrain
majority of neurons in cerebral cortex

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13
Q

two types of cells in crebellum

A

purkinje cells and granule cells

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14
Q

cerebellum percentage of neurons

A

has 80% of the neurons that are in the brain

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15
Q

purkinje cells

A

heavy branches
very distinctive
only found in cerebellum

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16
Q

granule cells

A

most frequent in the brain
very small
not very developed

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

interneurons

A

is the connection between neurons
takes info from one and pass it on
they give feedback on whether to apply less or more forces to the spinal cord
can also change the signal
brain - interneuron - muscle

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19
Q

afferent neuron

A

coming into the brain

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20
Q

efferent neuron

A

exiting the brain

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

tend to be the largest neurons
longest axons
synapses directly against muscle fibers

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22
Q

number of neurons and gilial cells

A

equal number

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23
Q

types of gilial cells

A

astrocytes
microglial cells

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24
Q

astrocytes

A

no dendrites/axons
always around neurons
1st role: support neurons with nutrients out of the blood and into neuron
2nd role: maintain blood brain barrier

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25
how do astrocytes maintain blood brain barrier
wraps itself around the artery - blood vessel cells and around the neuron very tight junctions protects brain from toxins in the blood while receiving nutrients provide reinforcement too
26
microgilial cells two roles
1st - clear out debris - extracellular 2nd - main role - if there is damage in the brain - respond to it in repair role
27
ependymal cells
constantly producing cerebrospinal fluid lines within spinal cord
28
two types of myelin
oligodendrocytes schwann cells
29
oligodendrocytes
myelin in the CNS formed by these cells
30
schwann cells
myelin in the PNS also is able to rebuild the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system
31
how do schwann cells regenerate axons
when the axon dies, the schwann cells first shrink and then divide, forming gilial cells along former path, neuron sends out new axon and becomes a new axon, new myelin is also formed
32
why can't myelin regenerate axon in the CNS
the enviroment is too complex and damage cannot be repaired
33
chromosomes 1-5
have lots of genes
34
chromosomes 6 and over
have fewer genes
35
purpose of proteins
allow for genotype to be expressed as a phenotype
36
purpose of genes
code for the conduction of diff types of proteins - source of a behaviour/trait
37
genotype
genetically coded info
38
phenotype
physical manifestations of genotype
39
the human genome project
trying to count the number of genes in the human body contains less than 30K genes
40
DNA components
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
41
dna component groupings
AT + GC
42
what determined which protein is produced
sequence of bases of each gene bases code for amino acids which join to make proteins
43
genes to protein process
bases (ATGC) - amino acids (lysine) - protein
44
amino acids
an amino acid chain forms a protein
45
proteins
proteins are required to maintain a cell function typically degrade within days constantly being produced
46
process of making a dna
DNA - transcription - mRNA - translation - amino acid chain
47
transcription
copy of the DNA is made into mRNA T is turned into U happens within the nucleus
48
translation
reading the mrna AND every 3 bases into an amino acid - codon happens in the ER ribosomes read mRNA creates amino acid chain
49
protein packaging and golgi bodies
proteins enter the golgibodies when they are wrapped in a membrane and given a shipping address each protein package is attached to a motor molecule and moves along a microtubule to its destination a protein may be incorprated into the membrane, remain within the cell, or excreted
50
function of protein
allows openings in the cell to let ions in based on instructions of DNA created as channels or pumps - sodium and potassium
51
wildtype genetic traits
how much of population shows that trait naturally - most people are right handed
52
what messes with wildtype genetic traits?
transgenic techniques - genes can be kicked in or out - silenced or introduced - fur colour in mice or genes for genetic disorders
53
tay sachs disease
inherited birth defect appears 4-6 months after birth and results in severe brain damage and death about age 5 carried by reccesive gene
54
results of tay sachs disease as a reccesive gene disease
both parents need to be carried to have 25% chance of getting disease one carrier will create a carrier but not expression
55
huntington's disease
disorder that results in motor and cognitive disturbances - attack basal ganglia - form of dementia dominant gene on chromosome 4 type of disease depends onw hen they develop it
56
huntington's disease results based on dominant gene
will be eradicated since people choose not to have chidlren BUT only needs one copy required to exhibit trait one carrier or two carriers
57
mutation of FOXP2 gene
results in apraxia of speech disruption of physical production of speech - motor outputs someone can have the gene and have disruption but no cognitive deficits
58
gene augmentation
mutated gene (loss of function) is replaced by a different version can be introduced introduce using a non-harmful virus
58
two types of gene therapy
gene augmentation and gene suppression
59
gene suppression
mutated gene (with gain of function defect) is replaced with inhibitory sequence with corrected gene
60
tumour
mass of cells that grows independetly of the body associated with inactivation of tumor supressor genes - proteins suicide gene induced
61
suicide gene
programmed cell death - inject gene into tumour - tumour is programmed to die
62
bubble boy story
not enough immune cells - reintroduced immune cells - which repopulated 0 most people with this gene are alive 0 severe combined immunodeficiency
63
potential complications to effective gene therapies
immunotoxicity mutagenesis and risk of vertical transmission excessive t-cell reactivity
64
immunotoxicity
adverse response to either viral delivery vector or augmented gene - might affect another aspect of functoining
65
mutagenesis and risk of vertical transmission
risk of mutation and passing that mutation on
66
excessive t-cell reactivity
most gene therapy is used for cancer boosting immune system or t-cells might be overdone and kill good cells as well
67
alziehmers
overproduction of one protein which might suffocate other neurons and might destroy the good protein
68
epigenetic drift
drift of genetics due to enviromental and genetic differences
69
when does epigenetic drift happen
behavioural and genetic differences show up after twins start getting older - at any point of protein creation
70
3 types of epigenetic drift
histone modification DNA modification mRNA modification
71
histone modification
happens during the unravelling of DNA a methyl group bind to the histones which are used to unravel dna for transcription they either allow the dna to unravel or not - blocks the dna from unravelling - during transcription
72
DNA modification
happens after dna is unraveled and mrna is being created methyl groups bind to CG base pairs - transcription certain parts are not transcribed
73
mRNA modification
happens during translation when amino acids codons are being made - original protein is not being produced - preventing translation
74
alterations of gene impacts
stable interactions in dna structure - altered gene expression - depressive symptoms
75

Psych 242 (4 decks)

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