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Psych 242 > Chapter 3 - Cell Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Function Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the debate in the early 1900s

A

about what is the smallest unit of human thought

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2
Q

camillo golgi’s view on the smallest unit of human thought

A

collection of fibers working together - no cell bodies - did the golgi stain

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3
Q

Golgi stain

A

used colour stain to discover neuron’s cell bodies - opposed his theory

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4
Q

santiago ramon y cajal view on smallest unit of human thought

A

each fibers is connected to cell - discovery of neuron

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5
Q

purpose of neuron

A

recieve and send signals from other neurons

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6
Q

what does a typical neuron have

A

lots of dendrites

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7
Q

dendrite purpose

A

recieve signals

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8
Q

axon

A

generate electrical impulse - AP

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9
Q

axon terminals

A

lots of terminals
send signals
very short or very long

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

conserving energy and preserving energy loss

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11
Q

sensory neuron

A

most simple neurson
basic kind of neuron
bring information to the central nervous system
allows us to sense the world

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12
Q

pyramidal cells

A

cortical neurons/neurons in forebrain
majority of neurons in cerebral cortex

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13
Q

two types of cells in crebellum

A

purkinje cells and granule cells

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14
Q

cerebellum percentage of neurons

A

has 80% of the neurons that are in the brain

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15
Q

purkinje cells

A

heavy branches
very distinctive
only found in cerebellum

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16
Q

granule cells

A

most frequent in the brain
very small
not very developed

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

interneurons

A

is the connection between neurons
takes info from one and pass it on
they give feedback on whether to apply less or more forces to the spinal cord
can also change the signal
brain - interneuron - muscle

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19
Q

afferent neuron

A

coming into the brain

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20
Q

efferent neuron

A

exiting the brain

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

tend to be the largest neurons
longest axons
synapses directly against muscle fibers

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22
Q

number of neurons and gilial cells

A

equal number

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23
Q

types of gilial cells

A

astrocytes
microglial cells

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24
Q

astrocytes

A

no dendrites/axons
always around neurons
1st role: support neurons with nutrients out of the blood and into neuron
2nd role: maintain blood brain barrier

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25
Q

how do astrocytes maintain blood brain barrier

A

wraps itself around the artery - blood vessel cells and around the neuron
very tight junctions
protects brain from toxins in the blood while receiving nutrients
provide reinforcement too

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26
Q

microgilial cells two roles

A

1st - clear out debris - extracellular
2nd - main role - if there is damage in the brain - respond to it in repair role

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27
Q

ependymal cells

A

constantly producing cerebrospinal fluid
lines within spinal cord

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28
Q

two types of myelin

A

oligodendrocytes
schwann cells

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29
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin in the CNS
formed by these cells

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30
Q

schwann cells

A

myelin in the PNS
also is able to rebuild the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system

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31
Q

how do schwann cells regenerate axons

A

when the axon dies, the schwann cells first shrink and then divide, forming gilial cells along former path, neuron sends out new axon and becomes a new axon, new myelin is also formed

32
Q

why can’t myelin regenerate axon in the CNS

A

the enviroment is too complex and damage cannot be repaired

33
Q

chromosomes 1-5

A

have lots of genes

34
Q

chromosomes 6 and over

A

have fewer genes

35
Q

purpose of proteins

A

allow for genotype to be expressed as a phenotype

36
Q

purpose of genes

A

code for the conduction of diff types of proteins - source of a behaviour/trait

37
Q

genotype

A

genetically coded info

38
Q

phenotype

A

physical manifestations of genotype

39
Q

the human genome project

A

trying to count the number of genes in the human body
contains less than 30K genes

40
Q

DNA components

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

41
Q

dna component groupings

A

AT + GC

42
Q

what determined which protein is produced

A

sequence of bases of each gene
bases code for amino acids which join to make proteins

43
Q

genes to protein process

A

bases (ATGC) - amino acids (lysine) - protein

44
Q

amino acids

A

an amino acid chain forms a protein

45
Q

proteins

A

proteins are required to maintain a cell function
typically degrade within days
constantly being produced

46
Q

process of making a dna

A

DNA - transcription - mRNA - translation - amino acid chain

47
Q

transcription

A

copy of the DNA is made into mRNA
T is turned into U
happens within the nucleus

48
Q

translation

A

reading the mrna AND every 3 bases into an amino acid - codon
happens in the ER
ribosomes read mRNA
creates amino acid chain

49
Q

protein packaging and golgi bodies

A

proteins enter the golgibodies when they are wrapped in a membrane and given a shipping address
each protein package is attached to a motor molecule and moves along a microtubule to its destination
a protein may be incorprated into the membrane, remain within the cell, or excreted

50
Q

function of protein

A

allows openings in the cell to let ions in
based on instructions of DNA
created as channels or pumps - sodium and potassium

51
Q

wildtype genetic traits

A

how much of population shows that trait naturally - most people are right handed

52
Q

what messes with wildtype genetic traits?

A

transgenic techniques - genes can be kicked in or out - silenced or introduced - fur colour in mice or genes for genetic disorders

53
Q

tay sachs disease

A

inherited birth defect
appears 4-6 months after birth and results in severe brain damage and death about age 5
carried by reccesive gene

54
Q

results of tay sachs disease as a reccesive gene disease

A

both parents need to be carried to have 25% chance of getting disease
one carrier will create a carrier but not expression

55
Q

huntington’s disease

A

disorder that results in motor and cognitive disturbances - attack basal ganglia - form of dementia
dominant gene on chromosome 4
type of disease depends onw hen they develop it

56
Q

huntington’s disease results based on dominant gene

A

will be eradicated since people choose not to have chidlren BUT
only needs one copy required to exhibit trait
one carrier or two carriers

57
Q

mutation of FOXP2 gene

A

results in apraxia of speech
disruption of physical production of speech - motor outputs
someone can have the gene and have disruption but no cognitive deficits

58
Q

gene augmentation

A

mutated gene (loss of function) is replaced by a different version can be introduced
introduce using a non-harmful virus

58
Q

two types of gene therapy

A

gene augmentation and gene suppression

59
Q

gene suppression

A

mutated gene (with gain of function defect) is replaced with inhibitory sequence with corrected gene

60
Q

tumour

A

mass of cells that grows independetly of the body
associated with inactivation of tumor supressor genes - proteins
suicide gene induced

61
Q

suicide gene

A

programmed cell death - inject gene into tumour - tumour is programmed to die

62
Q

bubble boy story

A

not enough immune cells - reintroduced immune cells - which repopulated 0 most people with this gene are alive 0 severe combined immunodeficiency

63
Q

potential complications to effective gene therapies

A

immunotoxicity
mutagenesis and risk of vertical transmission
excessive t-cell reactivity

64
Q

immunotoxicity

A

adverse response to either viral delivery vector or augmented gene - might affect another aspect of functoining

65
Q

mutagenesis and risk of vertical transmission

A

risk of mutation and passing that mutation on

66
Q

excessive t-cell reactivity

A

most gene therapy is used for cancer
boosting immune system or t-cells might be overdone and kill good cells as well

67
Q

alziehmers

A

overproduction of one protein which might suffocate other neurons and might destroy the good protein

68
Q

epigenetic drift

A

drift of genetics due to enviromental and genetic differences

69
Q

when does epigenetic drift happen

A

behavioural and genetic differences show up after twins start getting older - at any point of protein creation

70
Q

3 types of epigenetic drift

A

histone modification
DNA modification
mRNA modification

71
Q

histone modification

A

happens during the unravelling of DNA
a methyl group bind to the histones which are used to unravel dna for transcription
they either allow the dna to unravel or not - blocks the dna from unravelling - during transcription

72
Q

DNA modification

A

happens after dna is unraveled and mrna is being created
methyl groups bind to CG base pairs - transcription
certain parts are not transcribed

73
Q

mRNA modification

A

happens during translation when amino acids codons are being made
- original protein is not being produced - preventing translation

74
Q

alterations of gene impacts

A

stable interactions in dna structure - altered gene expression - depressive symptoms

75
Q
A

Psych 242 (4 decks)

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