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Psych 242 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Origin of Thought

1
Q

Aristotle believed in

A

mentalism

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2
Q

Mentalism

A

ths mind is non material - not cells and tissues and it is something outside of the body
the body dies and the mind lives on in the form of a soul

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3
Q

role of the brain according to aristotle

A

the brain is not capable enough to handle complex cognition; it is good for cooling the blood

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4
Q

role of heart according to aristotle

A

memories, emotions, and feelings are controlled here

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5
Q

psyche

A

the mind - source of human behaviour and thought - aristotle coined this term

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6
Q

second person to question origin of thought

A

andreas vesalius 1500’s

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7
Q

andreas vesalius was the father of

A

anatomy

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8
Q

role of brain according to andreas vesalius

A

brain was behind the mind (church did not agree)
had some understanding of the brain and nervous system - documented fibers running to and from the brain

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9
Q

dualism

A

the mind (or the soul) is comprised of a non-physical substance, while the body is constituted of the physical substance known as matte

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10
Q

third person to question origin of thought

A

rene descartes and dualism (1600s)

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11
Q

role of brain according to rene descartes

A

body and brain direct all basic behaviours - no role in higher cognition and rational thought

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12
Q

role of mind according to rene descartes

A

a non material mind governs advanced cognition

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13
Q

the mind-body problem

A

how to explain interaction of non-material mind and physical brain

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14
Q

how did descartes think the mind and body/brain interacted

A

pineal gland transmits signals through cerebral spinal fluid which runs through ventricles

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15
Q

why did descartes think the pineal gland was the main communicator between the mind and the body

A

it is in the middle of the brain and has an optimal location

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16
Q

mentalism

A

non material mind - rational thought too complicated for brain

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17
Q

who was the fourth person to question origin of thought

A

charles darwin 1800s

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18
Q

what did charles darwin believe in

A

materialism
natural selection
fitness

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19
Q

materialism

A

has to use science and biology to explain rational thought

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20
Q

natural selection

A

physical traits that are advantageous to survival and reproduction are passed down

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21
Q

fitness

A

how successful they are at passing down those traits

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22
Q

evidence for species evolution

A
  • fossils record
  • structural similarities
  • selective breeding
  • observed in progress - beak example
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23
Q

alfred russell wallace

A

geographer and biologist and contemporary of darwin

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24
Q

difference between alfred and charles darwin

A

alfred was lesser known figure and less academic

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25
what did alfred discover
distribution of different species throughout the globe - different species in different parts of the world adapted through modification - climate was a big motivator
26
greger mendel
founded genetics as a theoretical science - discovered after he died crossbredding of plants independent scientist dominant and reccesive genes
27
dominent genes
more liekly to appear in offspring
28
recessive traits
skip generation and reappear
29
natural selection process
appearance of new trait - trait increase reproductive success - increases chances of survival - trait passed onto offspring - trait continues - all occurs naturally
30
baldwin effect
natural selection of mental abilities learning abilities can be passed down AND ability to lean can also be passed down has to be simple behaviour no high intelligence 1st experiment psych lab in canada - UofT`
31
simple nervous system
narrow range of behaviour
32
complex nervous system
wide range of behaviour
33
How old is Earth
4.5 billion years old
34
first brain cell
700 MYA
35
first brain
250 MYA
36
first primate brain
7 MYA
37
nerve nets
nervous systems of simple marine organisms respond to stimuli; no thought + no complex cognition reflexive motor responses
38
ganglia
cluster of neurons not a brain yet allows for simple repetitive acts limited cognitive function
39
example of ganglia
monarch butterfly migrating
40
chordate nervous system
true brain + spinal cord larger body diverse range of function bilateral symmetry segmentation crossed organization
41
segmentation
chordate body is divided - diff parts of spinal cord control different body sections
42
crossed organization
left brain controls right side; right brain controls left side
43
example of chordate
fish, amphibians, birds, humans
44
primate evolution trends
closer we get to humans - more geneyic similarity more cognitive complexity smarter modified form
45
primate evolution animals
common ancestor of primates - lemurs + lorises - tarsiers - new world monkeys - old world monkeys - gibbons - orangutangs - gorillas - chimpanzees - humans
46
furtherst in genetics
orangutan and gorilla
47
cloest in genetics
bonobo and chimpanzee - 99%
48
in what ways do we differ from non human hominids
air sacs sunisitis wound healing olfactor sense bipedalism pace of development
49
non human hominids
great apes - gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps,
50
air sacs humans vs chimps
monkeys have air sacs humans dont
51
how do air sacs help chimps
volume - but infection prone
52
why humans dont have air sacs
flexibility of air sacs and lack of infections
53
sinuses in humans vs chimps
humans have openings in skull monkeys dont - humans might get more infection
54
wound healing in chimps vs humans
skin heals efficently - humans dont heal fast
55
olfactory sense in chimps vs human
our olfactory sense is less sensitive than chimps
56
bipedialism in humans and chimps
4 legs vs two
57
biggest differences betweens humans and chimps
bipedialism and pace of development
58
pace of development of chimps vs humans
we develop slower because we are taken care and nurtured chimps develop faster
59
australopithecus
our distant ancestor first primate to show distinctly human characteristics tool use bipedialism
60
tool use in australopithecus
ability to use tools not making tools but still sign of intelligence
61
3 hominids closest to us
H habilis, H erectus, H neanderthalensis
62
Homo habilis
stayed within africa made simple stone tools
63
intelligence of making a tool
imagine use prospection envisionment
64
homo erectus (upright human
more than 1 million years ago migration beyond africa made more sophisticated tools asia and indonesia
65
how was homo erectus able to travel so long
bipedialism - efficent long distnce travel
66
Homo neanderhals
europe and asia interbreeding with modern humans limited communication ability - FOXP2 gene
67
FOXP2 gene
communication gene - found in song birds
68
why did homo erectus start to migrate
shirnking of rainforest - wander off - for food - have brain power for long term memories
69
bipedialism negative
strains of spine
70
diet and facial muscles
from big sharp teeth from eating meat to smaller facial muscles and teeth for fruits
71
smaller facial muscles evolution
smaller facial muscles - greater range of vocalization - langauge - writing
72
evolution of modern humans
sophisticated tool making, hunting and cooking, social organization
73
benefit of social organization
hierarchy - social advantage - working within groups
74
homosapiens
appeared within the last 250,000 advantages in tool making, language use, and social organization
75
hominid brain size
h erectus brain is bigger than habilis h neander brain is bigger than erectus and neander is bigger than humans
76
what is evidence that bigger brain size does not equal intelligence
neander is bigger than humans
77
learning related plasticity
physically changes in response and experience - explains intelligence in learningilities
78
capable of exaptation
specialized for langauge - structure can change function if needed - even tho we never had an area for writing a pattern area ic changed for writing
79
wallace's conundrum
darwinian genomic evolution does not fully apply to modern humas - teaching and preperation can pass down skills - cultural transmission

Psych 242 (4 decks)

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