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Psych 242 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Origin of Thought

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1
Q

Aristotle believed in

A

mentalism

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2
Q

Mentalism

A

ths mind is non material - not cells and tissues and it is something outside of the body
the body dies and the mind lives on in the form of a soul

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3
Q

role of the brain according to aristotle

A

the brain is not capable enough to handle complex cognition; it is good for cooling the blood

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4
Q

role of heart according to aristotle

A

memories, emotions, and feelings are controlled here

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5
Q

psyche

A

the mind - source of human behaviour and thought - aristotle coined this term

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6
Q

second person to question origin of thought

A

andreas vesalius 1500’s

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7
Q

andreas vesalius was the father of

A

anatomy

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8
Q

role of brain according to andreas vesalius

A

brain was behind the mind (church did not agree)
had some understanding of the brain and nervous system - documented fibers running to and from the brain

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9
Q

dualism

A

the mind (or the soul) is comprised of a non-physical substance, while the body is constituted of the physical substance known as matte

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10
Q

third person to question origin of thought

A

rene descartes and dualism (1600s)

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11
Q

role of brain according to rene descartes

A

body and brain direct all basic behaviours - no role in higher cognition and rational thought

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12
Q

role of mind according to rene descartes

A

a non material mind governs advanced cognition

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13
Q

the mind-body problem

A

how to explain interaction of non-material mind and physical brain

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14
Q

how did descartes think the mind and body/brain interacted

A

pineal gland transmits signals through cerebral spinal fluid which runs through ventricles

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15
Q

why did descartes think the pineal gland was the main communicator between the mind and the body

A

it is in the middle of the brain and has an optimal location

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16
Q

mentalism

A

non material mind - rational thought too complicated for brain

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17
Q

who was the fourth person to question origin of thought

A

charles darwin 1800s

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18
Q

what did charles darwin believe in

A

materialism
natural selection
fitness

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19
Q

materialism

A

has to use science and biology to explain rational thought

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20
Q

natural selection

A

physical traits that are advantageous to survival and reproduction are passed down

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21
Q

fitness

A

how successful they are at passing down those traits

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22
Q

evidence for species evolution

A
  • fossils record
  • structural similarities
  • selective breeding
  • observed in progress - beak example
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23
Q

alfred russell wallace

A

geographer and biologist and contemporary of darwin

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24
Q

difference between alfred and charles darwin

A

alfred was lesser known figure and less academic

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25
Q

what did alfred discover

A

distribution of different species throughout the globe - different species in different parts of the world adapted through modification
- climate was a big motivator

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26
Q

greger mendel

A

founded genetics as a theoretical science - discovered after he died
crossbredding of plants
independent scientist
dominant and reccesive genes

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27
Q

dominent genes

A

more liekly to appear in offspring

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28
Q

recessive traits

A

skip generation and reappear

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29
Q

natural selection process

A

appearance of new trait - trait increase reproductive success - increases chances of survival - trait passed onto offspring - trait continues - all occurs naturally

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30
Q

baldwin effect

A

natural selection of mental abilities
learning abilities can be passed down AND ability to lean can also be passed down
has to be simple behaviour
no high intelligence
1st experiment psych lab in canada - UofT`

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31
Q

simple nervous system

A

narrow range of behaviour

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32
Q

complex nervous system

A

wide range of behaviour

33
Q

How old is Earth

A

4.5 billion years old

34
Q

first brain cell

A

700 MYA

35
Q

first brain

A

250 MYA

36
Q

first primate brain

A

7 MYA

37
Q

nerve nets

A

nervous systems of simple marine organisms
respond to stimuli; no thought + no complex cognition
reflexive motor responses

38
Q

ganglia

A

cluster of neurons
not a brain yet
allows for simple repetitive acts
limited cognitive function

39
Q

example of ganglia

A

monarch butterfly migrating

40
Q

chordate nervous system

A

true brain + spinal cord
larger body
diverse range of function
bilateral symmetry
segmentation
crossed organization

41
Q

segmentation

A

chordate body is divided - diff parts of spinal cord control different body sections

42
Q

crossed organization

A

left brain controls right side; right brain controls left side

43
Q

example of chordate

A

fish, amphibians, birds, humans

44
Q

primate evolution trends

A

closer we get to humans - more geneyic similarity
more cognitive complexity
smarter
modified form

45
Q

primate evolution animals

A

common ancestor of primates - lemurs + lorises - tarsiers - new world monkeys - old world monkeys - gibbons - orangutangs - gorillas - chimpanzees - humans

46
Q

furtherst in genetics

A

orangutan and gorilla

47
Q

cloest in genetics

A

bonobo and chimpanzee - 99%

48
Q

in what ways do we differ from non human hominids

A

air sacs
sunisitis
wound healing
olfactor sense
bipedalism
pace of development

49
Q

non human hominids

A

great apes - gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps,

50
Q

air sacs humans vs chimps

A

monkeys have air sacs
humans dont

51
Q

how do air sacs help chimps

A

volume - but infection prone

52
Q

why humans dont have air sacs

A

flexibility of air sacs and lack of infections

53
Q

sinuses in humans vs chimps

A

humans have openings in skull monkeys dont - humans might get more infection

54
Q

wound healing in chimps vs humans

A

skin heals efficently - humans dont heal fast

55
Q

olfactory sense in chimps vs human

A

our olfactory sense is less sensitive than chimps

56
Q

bipedialism in humans and chimps

A

4 legs vs two

57
Q

biggest differences betweens humans and chimps

A

bipedialism and pace of development

58
Q

pace of development of chimps vs humans

A

we develop slower because we are taken care and nurtured
chimps develop faster

59
Q

australopithecus

A

our distant ancestor
first primate to show distinctly human characteristics
tool use
bipedialism

60
Q

tool use in australopithecus

A

ability to use tools
not making tools
but still sign of intelligence

61
Q

3 hominids closest to us

A

H habilis, H erectus, H neanderthalensis

62
Q

Homo habilis

A

stayed within africa
made simple stone tools

63
Q

intelligence of making a tool

A

imagine use
prospection
envisionment

64
Q

homo erectus (upright human

A

more than 1 million years ago
migration beyond africa
made more sophisticated tools
asia and indonesia

65
Q

how was homo erectus able to travel so long

A

bipedialism - efficent long distnce travel

66
Q

Homo neanderhals

A

europe and asia
interbreeding with modern humans
limited communication ability - FOXP2 gene

67
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

communication gene - found in song birds

68
Q

why did homo erectus start to migrate

A

shirnking of rainforest - wander off - for food - have brain power for long term memories

69
Q

bipedialism negative

A

strains of spine

70
Q

diet and facial muscles

A

from big sharp teeth from eating meat to smaller facial muscles and teeth for fruits

71
Q

smaller facial muscles evolution

A

smaller facial muscles - greater range of vocalization - langauge - writing

72
Q

evolution of modern humans

A

sophisticated tool making, hunting and cooking, social organization

73
Q

benefit of social organization

A

hierarchy - social advantage - working within groups

74
Q

homosapiens

A

appeared within the last 250,000
advantages in tool making, language use, and social organization

75
Q

hominid brain size

A

h erectus brain is bigger than habilis
h neander brain is bigger than erectus and neander is bigger than humans

76
Q

what is evidence that bigger brain size does not equal intelligence

A

neander is bigger than humans

77
Q

learning related plasticity

A

physically changes in response and experience - explains intelligence in learningilities

78
Q

capable of exaptation

A

specialized for langauge - structure can change function if needed - even tho we never had an area for writing a pattern area ic changed for writing

79
Q

wallace’s conundrum

A

darwinian genomic evolution does not fully apply to modern humas - teaching and preperation can pass down skills - cultural transmission

Psych 242 (4 decks)

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