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Psych 242 > Chapter 2 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

2 aspects of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS - central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

purpose of brain

A

control peripheral nervous system + move body

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3
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord - spinal cord is encased by vertebrae

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4
Q

PNS

A

neurons and nerve processes outside CNS - ie. sensory connections to receptors in the skin, motor connections to body muscles, sensory and motor connections to internal body organs and gut

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5
Q

afferent signals

A

body into CNS
ex: sensory receptors
at the brain

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6
Q

efferent signals

A

exit the CNS
motor signals
efferent aka exit

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7
Q

sensory endings

A

distinguish between different sensations - pain, head, etc.

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8
Q

divisions of nervous system

A

cns and pns

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9
Q

division of cns

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

division of pns

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system

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11
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • conscious
  • transmits sensation and motor movements
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12
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

autopilot
work without conscious decision

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13
Q

enteric nervous system

A

digestive system

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14
Q

enteric nervous system

A

stomach and intestines
signals to the brain via vagus nerve
affected by stress and anxiety
impacted by psychobiotics

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15
Q

vagus nerve

A

one of the cranial nerve

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16
Q

psychobiotics

A

target enteric system to reduce stress and anxiety
system is lined with a lot of neurons - effected by state of mind
live organisms calm enteric system which affects brain

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17
Q

nerves in somatic nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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18
Q

cranial nerves

A

around the head/neck - allow face, sensation movement, seeing and hearing

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19
Q

spinal nerves

A

travel down the spinal cord - allow feeling and sensation

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20
Q

division of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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21
Q

sympathetic divison

A

arousing - gets you stressed - flight or fight

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22
Q

parasympathetic division

A

calming down

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23
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

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24
Q

olfactory nerve

A

small and goes to olfactory bulb

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25
Q

optic nerve

A

eye and goes to optic chiasm

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26
Q

facial nerve

A

face movement + taste at the front of mouth

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27
Q

vagues nerve

A

internal organs + keeps tabs on how it’s functioning

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28
Q

migrane

A

most intense and painful type of headache
can last between 4 to 74 hours
photofobia and phonofobia
caused by trigeminal nerve
10% suffer

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29
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

around eyes and head

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29
Q

dermatomes

A

section of the spinal nerves
c3-s5
allows signals coming in and those being sent out

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30
Q

paraplegia

A

damage to t1 and below
limited feeling in arms and will not be able to breathe
no functionof legs

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30
Q

quadriplegia

A

injuring spinal nerve c1 to c8
loses function of arms legs digestive system and unable to breathe

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30
Q

worst spinal injury

A

c1 and c2

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31
Q

cervical nerves

A

c1 - c8
head and neck and lungs

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32
Q

thoracic nerves

A

t1-t12
chest and bsvk

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33
Q

lumbar nerves

A

l1-l5
damage = no control over legs
no control over bowels or urine

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34
Q

sacral nerves

A

s1-s5
bottom of legs
and arms
damage = lost feeling in arms and some in legs

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35
Q

reflex

A

some sensations don’t require brain

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36
Q

spinal cord

A

transmits sensory and pain signals to the brain
transmits motor signals to extremites
relay for spinal reflexes

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37
Q

health brain

A

85 billion neurons and equal # of gilial cells

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38
Q

gyrus

A

high points and hill of the groove

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39
Q

sulcus

A

low points + the groove itself

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40
Q

fissure

A

particularly deep sulcus
the one going the length of the brain

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41
Q

longitude node fissure

A

the fissure that goes the length of the brain

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42
Q

dorsal

A

top

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43
Q

ventral

A

bottom

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44
Q

medial

A

towards middle of brain

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45
Q

lateral

A

away from the brain towards surface

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46
Q

anterior

A

front

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47
Q

posterior

A

back

48
Q

anatomical orientation

A

coronal, horizontal, saggital

49
Q

coronal

A

front view - cut the brain in half short wise

50
Q

horizontal

A

dorsal view - cut the brain like ur cutting the top of a cake

51
Q

sagittal

A

cut the brain in half length wise - medial view

52
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

two specialized halves connected by the corpus callosum

53
Q

franz gall

A

brain is where the mind is at
different parts = different aspects of personality
larger region = more parts of personality
early attempt to understand how the brain works

54
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing, langauge and memory, taste and smell, hearing and processing and understanding language

55
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning, organizing, impulse, and motor control - executive function

56
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch and spatial awareness - movement and motor control

57
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing,

58
Q

cerebellum

A

motor coordination and control

59
Q

meninges

A

the three layers that protect the brain and spinal cord

60
Q

duramater

A

outer layer - tough paper substance but flexible

61
Q

subarachnoid space

A

carries cerebral spinal fluid

62
Q

pia mater

A

clear outer covering - closest to brain

63
Q

vesicles

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid and secretes it into the spinal cord

64
Q

white matter of ventricles

A

because of myelin - signals are being sent out

65
Q

grey matter

A

more cell bodies and less signals

66
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

brain is encased - protects it from shaking
waste removal
immune response role
constantly produced absorbed

67
Q

choroid plexus

A

lining of ventricles produce the fluid

68
Q

hydrocephalus

A

overproduction or cerebrospinal fluid is not absorbed - creates pressure on brain

69
Q

blood and brain

A

arteries and vessels carrying blood to diff parts of brain - different nutrients within blood to find its way into brain cells

70
Q

blood and brain

A

arteries and vessels carry blood so it doesn’t touch brain cells - provides oxygen to brain

71
Q

ischemic stroke

A

blockage of blood - isn’t providing oxygen - blood cells could die

72
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood bleeds into brain usually cus of artery bursting - could be fatal

73
Q

forebrain (cortex)

A

responsible for most complex behaviours
planning, listening, unique factors, higher cognitive functioning

74
Q

brainstem

A

source of behaviour in simpler animals and responsible for most of our unconscious behaviours - simple breathing and functioning of organs - keeping you alive

75
Q

brainstem characteristics

A

begins where spinal cord enters the skull
recieves afferent signals coming from senses and sends efferent signals to control movement
3 regions

76
Q

3 regions of the brainstem

A
  • hindbrain - bottom
  • midbrain - middle
  • diencephalon - top
77
Q

hindbrain

A

involved in diff cycles of sleep
bridge from cerebellum to diff parts of brain
made of 3 diff parts

78
Q

parts of hindbrain

A

pons and reticular formation
medulla
cerebellum

79
Q

pons and reticular formation

A

send signals for being alert - wake you up

80
Q

medulla

A

controls heartbeat and heart rate

81
Q

cerebellum

A

involved in motor control and coordination

82
Q

cerebellum

A

bigger size = fine coordinated movements

83
Q

cerebellum in humans

A

takes up 10% of the brain
posterior medial
makes up 80% of total neurons
doesn’t contain a lot of gilial cells

84
Q

midbrain

A

made up of 4 parts - tectum, tegmentum, substantia nigra, PGM

85
Q

tectum

A

roof of the midbrain
2 main parts of tectum

86
Q

superior colliculus

A

recieves visual input in the tectum and midbrain - coordinates eye movement

87
Q

inferior colliculus

A

recieves auditory input - is involved in locationg sounds and identifying where a sound comes from

88
Q

tegmentum

A

means floor
below tectum

89
Q

substantia nigra

A

has black cells - controls movement and chemical signals in the brain - parkinsons if damaged

90
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

involved in panperception
sends signals down spinal cord
in animals - can eliminate pain

91
Q

superior and inferior colliculus

A

sound and vision in a unified sense - intergration

92
Q

diencephalon

A

top of brainstem
includes 3 structures

93
Q

thalamus

A

dead center, sensory hub, organizing stimuli, signals from body and brain pass through here

94
Q

hypothalamus

A

releasing hormanes into bloodstream and sending commands to pituatiry gland

95
Q

parts of midbrain

A

tectum tegmentum substantia nigra and pgm

96
Q

parts of hindbrain

A

pons and reticular formation, medulla, and cerebellum

97
Q

parts of diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland

98
Q

pituitary gland

A

releases hormones based on the command of hypothalamus

99
Q

subortical strctures of forebrain

A

basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus

100
Q

basal ganglia

A

movement and coordination
basic habits and repeated behaviours may form the walls of certain centricles
OCD

101
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala and hippocampus

102
Q

amygdala

A

allows us to express emotional experiences

103
Q

hippocampus

A

long term memories
very sensitive structure
allows us to process fearful experiences
alzeimers

104
Q

neocortex

A

outer part of brain

105
Q

neucortex function

A

high level of cognitive functioning

106
Q

how many layers in neocortex

A

6

107
Q

two parts of neocortex

A

motor and sensory cortex

108
Q

what makes us smart

A

forebrain - higher cognitive functioning

109
Q

what do we have that other animals dont in their brain

A

grooves and fold - increase surface area of gray matter - higher functioning

110
Q

why is brain size not the best measurement for intelligence

A

animal might have a big brain cus it has a big body - not because it is smarter

111
Q

best measurement for intelligence

A

number of neurons - humans have most

112
Q

evidence against using number of cortical neurons as a measure of intelligence

A

dolphine has comparble number of neurons in humans
long finned pilot whale has double the number of neurons that we do
developmental brain damage reduces numer of cortical neurons

113
Q

developmental brain damage reduces numer of cortical neurons examples

A

hemispherectomy - people with one hemisphere and cerebellum - can lead normal lives
microcephaly - reduces frotnal lobe - less developed - serious to mild condition - could have normal intelligence

114
Q

if number of neurons isnt the answer to intelligence what is

A

neural tissue has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are organized - neuroplasticity

115
Q

flynns effect

A

iq in humans have steadily risen in the 20th century - people are undergoing education, knowledge experience - neuroplasticity through experience

116
Q

speech and comm related areas in primate

A

are ready at birth to recieve info - including extrapolating to reading

117
Q

exaptation

A

a new brain region takes on specialization even though it was never meant to do that in the first place

118
Q

which two areas develop for reading

A

hippocampus and visual word form area

119
Q

hippocampus and reading

A

new memory stoarge
respond to spatial info
GPS location and autobiographical

120
Q

visual word form area

A

area starts to engage new pathways for reading when someone starts to read - meant for visual recogniton

Psych 242 (4 decks)

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