Chapter 2 - The Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
2 aspects of nervous system
A
CNS and PNS - central and peripheral nervous system
2
Q
purpose of brain
A
control peripheral nervous system + move body
3
Q
CNS
A
brain and spinal cord - spinal cord is encased by vertebrae
4
Q
PNS
A
neurons and nerve processes outside CNS - ie. sensory connections to receptors in the skin, motor connections to body muscles, sensory and motor connections to internal body organs and gut
5
Q
afferent signals
A
body into CNS
ex: sensory receptors
at the brain
6
Q
efferent signals
A
exit the CNS
motor signals
efferent aka exit
7
Q
sensory endings
A
distinguish between different sensations - pain, head, etc.
8
Q
divisions of nervous system
A
cns and pns
9
Q
division of cns
A
brain and spinal cord
10
Q
division of pns
A
somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system
11
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- conscious
- transmits sensation and motor movements
12
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
autopilot
work without conscious decision
13
Q
enteric nervous system
A
digestive system
14
Q
enteric nervous system
A
stomach and intestines
signals to the brain via vagus nerve
affected by stress and anxiety
impacted by psychobiotics
15
Q
vagus nerve
A
one of the cranial nerve
16
Q
psychobiotics
A
target enteric system to reduce stress and anxiety
system is lined with a lot of neurons - effected by state of mind
live organisms calm enteric system which affects brain
17
Q
nerves in somatic nervous system
A
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
18
Q
cranial nerves
A
around the head/neck - allow face, sensation movement, seeing and hearing
19
Q
spinal nerves
A
travel down the spinal cord - allow feeling and sensation
20
Q
division of autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
21
Q
sympathetic divison
A
arousing - gets you stressed - flight or fight
22
Q
parasympathetic division
A
calming down
23
Q
how many pairs of cranial nerves
A
12
24
Q
olfactory nerve
A
small and goes to olfactory bulb
25
optic nerve
eye and goes to optic chiasm
26
facial nerve
face movement + taste at the front of mouth
27
vagues nerve
internal organs + keeps tabs on how it's functioning
28
migrane
most intense and painful type of headache
can last between 4 to 74 hours
photofobia and phonofobia
caused by trigeminal nerve
10% suffer
29
trigeminal nerve
around eyes and head
29
dermatomes
section of the spinal nerves
c3-s5
allows signals coming in and those being sent out
30
paraplegia
damage to t1 and below
limited feeling in arms and will not be able to breathe
no functionof legs
30
quadriplegia
injuring spinal nerve c1 to c8
loses function of arms legs digestive system and unable to breathe
30
worst spinal injury
c1 and c2
31
cervical nerves
c1 - c8
head and neck and lungs
32
thoracic nerves
t1-t12
chest and bsvk
33
lumbar nerves
l1-l5
damage = no control over legs
no control over bowels or urine
34
sacral nerves
s1-s5
bottom of legs
and arms
damage = lost feeling in arms and some in legs
35
reflex
some sensations don't require brain
36
spinal cord
transmits sensory and pain signals to the brain
transmits motor signals to extremites
relay for spinal reflexes
37
health brain
85 billion neurons and equal # of gilial cells
38
gyrus
high points and hill of the groove
39
sulcus
low points + the groove itself
40
fissure
particularly deep sulcus
the one going the length of the brain
41
longitude node fissure
the fissure that goes the length of the brain
42
dorsal
top
43
ventral
bottom
44
medial
towards middle of brain
45
lateral
away from the brain towards surface
46
anterior
front
47
posterior
back
48
anatomical orientation
coronal, horizontal, saggital
49
coronal
front view - cut the brain in half short wise
50
horizontal
dorsal view - cut the brain like ur cutting the top of a cake
51
sagittal
cut the brain in half length wise - medial view
52
cerebral hemispheres
two specialized halves connected by the corpus callosum
53
franz gall
brain is where the mind is at
different parts = different aspects of personality
larger region = more parts of personality
early attempt to understand how the brain works
54
temporal lobe
auditory processing, langauge and memory, taste and smell, hearing and processing and understanding language
55
frontal lobe
planning, organizing, impulse, and motor control - executive function
56
parietal lobe
touch and spatial awareness - movement and motor control
57
occipital lobe
visual processing,
58
cerebellum
motor coordination and control
59
meninges
the three layers that protect the brain and spinal cord
60
duramater
outer layer - tough paper substance but flexible
61
subarachnoid space
carries cerebral spinal fluid
62
pia mater
clear outer covering - closest to brain
63
vesicles
filled with cerebrospinal fluid and secretes it into the spinal cord
64
white matter of ventricles
because of myelin - signals are being sent out
65
grey matter
more cell bodies and less signals
66
cerebrospinal fluid
brain is encased - protects it from shaking
waste removal
immune response role
constantly produced absorbed
67
choroid plexus
lining of ventricles produce the fluid
68
hydrocephalus
overproduction or cerebrospinal fluid is not absorbed - creates pressure on brain
69
blood and brain
arteries and vessels carrying blood to diff parts of brain - different nutrients within blood to find its way into brain cells
70
blood and brain
arteries and vessels carry blood so it doesn't touch brain cells - provides oxygen to brain
71
ischemic stroke
blockage of blood - isn't providing oxygen - blood cells could die
72
hemorrhagic stroke
blood bleeds into brain usually cus of artery bursting - could be fatal
73
forebrain (cortex)
responsible for most complex behaviours
planning, listening, unique factors, higher cognitive functioning
74
brainstem
source of behaviour in simpler animals and responsible for most of our unconscious behaviours - simple breathing and functioning of organs - keeping you alive
75
brainstem characteristics
begins where spinal cord enters the skull
recieves afferent signals coming from senses and sends efferent signals to control movement
3 regions
76
3 regions of the brainstem
- hindbrain - bottom
- midbrain - middle
- diencephalon - top
77
hindbrain
involved in diff cycles of sleep
bridge from cerebellum to diff parts of brain
made of 3 diff parts
78
parts of hindbrain
pons and reticular formation
medulla
cerebellum
79
pons and reticular formation
send signals for being alert - wake you up
80
medulla
controls heartbeat and heart rate
81
cerebellum
involved in motor control and coordination
82
cerebellum
bigger size = fine coordinated movements
83
cerebellum in humans
takes up 10% of the brain
posterior medial
makes up 80% of total neurons
doesn't contain a lot of gilial cells
84
midbrain
made up of 4 parts - tectum, tegmentum, substantia nigra, PGM
85
tectum
roof of the midbrain
2 main parts of tectum
86
superior colliculus
recieves visual input in the tectum and midbrain - coordinates eye movement
87
inferior colliculus
recieves auditory input - is involved in locationg sounds and identifying where a sound comes from
88
tegmentum
means floor
below tectum
89
substantia nigra
has black cells - controls movement and chemical signals in the brain - parkinsons if damaged
90
periaqueductal gray matter
involved in panperception
sends signals down spinal cord
in animals - can eliminate pain
91
superior and inferior colliculus
sound and vision in a unified sense - intergration
92
diencephalon
top of brainstem
includes 3 structures
93
thalamus
dead center, sensory hub, organizing stimuli, signals from body and brain pass through here
94
hypothalamus
releasing hormanes into bloodstream and sending commands to pituatiry gland
95
parts of midbrain
tectum tegmentum substantia nigra and pgm
96
parts of hindbrain
pons and reticular formation, medulla, and cerebellum
97
parts of diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
98
pituitary gland
releases hormones based on the command of hypothalamus
99
subortical strctures of forebrain
basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus
100
basal ganglia
movement and coordination
basic habits and repeated behaviours may form the walls of certain centricles
OCD
101
limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus
102
amygdala
allows us to express emotional experiences
103
hippocampus
long term memories
very sensitive structure
allows us to process fearful experiences
alzeimers
104
neocortex
outer part of brain
105
neucortex function
high level of cognitive functioning
106
how many layers in neocortex
6
107
two parts of neocortex
motor and sensory cortex
108
what makes us smart
forebrain - higher cognitive functioning
109
what do we have that other animals dont in their brain
grooves and fold - increase surface area of gray matter - higher functioning
110
why is brain size not the best measurement for intelligence
animal might have a big brain cus it has a big body - not because it is smarter
111
best measurement for intelligence
number of neurons - humans have most
112
evidence against using number of cortical neurons as a measure of intelligence
dolphine has comparble number of neurons in humans
long finned pilot whale has double the number of neurons that we do
developmental brain damage reduces numer of cortical neurons
113
developmental brain damage reduces numer of cortical neurons examples
hemispherectomy - people with one hemisphere and cerebellum - can lead normal lives
microcephaly - reduces frotnal lobe - less developed - serious to mild condition - could have normal intelligence
114
if number of neurons isnt the answer to intelligence what is
neural tissue has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are organized - neuroplasticity
115
flynns effect
iq in humans have steadily risen in the 20th century - people are undergoing education, knowledge experience - neuroplasticity through experience
116
speech and comm related areas in primate
are ready at birth to recieve info - including extrapolating to reading
117
exaptation
a new brain region takes on specialization even though it was never meant to do that in the first place
118
which two areas develop for reading
hippocampus and visual word form area
119
hippocampus and reading
new memory stoarge
respond to spatial info
GPS location and autobiographical
120
visual word form area
area starts to engage new pathways for reading when someone starts to read - meant for visual recogniton
