Chapter 4(cours 1)

Question 1

Which of the following topics would not be studied by a developmental psychologist?

a
How infants and children react to familiar individuals and strangers from the time they are born until they are five years old

b
Whether sleep habits are associated with academic achievement in 10-year-olds

c
Whether changes in cognitive functioning are observed from adulthood into old age

d
Whether three-year-olds engage in different types of play than five-year-olds or seven-year-olds

Answer 1

b
Whether sleep habits are associated with academic achievement in 10-year-olds

Biological changes that occur over time are part of what developmental psychologists study. Reactions to strangers (attachment research) are influenced by the caregiver-child bond, and stages of development influence the type of play based on age. Developmental researchers are also interested in cognitive (or brain) development in early childhood through old age. We’ll talk about each of these areas of childhood developmental research throughout the chapter. We won’t cover sleep until states of consciousness in Chapter 6.

Question 2

Examining how language develops over the first two years of life is
social or cognitive

Answer 2

cognitive developement

Question 3

Studying how the characteristics of children’s friendships change as they age
is cognitive or social development

Answer 3

social development

Question 4

Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school is
what type of cognition

Answer 4

social cognition

Question 5

lien entre chromosomes et Down syndrome

Answer 5

in the case of children with extra chromosomes, such as those with Down syndrome

Question 6

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 6

Tubal pregnancy, when a fertilized egg develops outside the uterus (usually in the fallopian tube). High risk for rupture and death for both mother and zygote

whereas the uterus is a muscle that can expand (as the zygote grows) and contract (to expel the fetus during childbirth), the fallopian tubes do not have this ability. For this reason, pregnant women may have to terminate their pregnancy to avoid the possibility of a ruptured fallopian tube, which can result in death

Question 7

What is the defining feature of the period of the zygote?

a
An egg is released from one of two ovaries

b
Refinements and finishing touches

c
Rapid cell division

d
The emergence and development of major bodily systems

Answer 7

c

rapid cell division

Question 8

How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic?

a
The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth.

b
The uterus cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth.

c
An ectopic pregnancy is not problematic and can proceed without intervention.

d
The uterus could rupture as the zygote grows, resulting in harm to the pregnant woman.

Answer 8

a

The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth.

Question 9

name types of twinning

Answer 9

Monozygotic or identical twins

Dizygotic or fraternal twins

Question 10

Think about the process of twinning, as described above. Which of the following statements is correct?

a
Monozygotic or identical twins can be different sexes.

b
It is possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic or fraternal twins that were conceived by sperm from two different men.

c
Some dizygotic or fraternal twins are genetically identical.

d
Dizygotic or fraternal twins are more alike genetically than two siblings who were born years apart.

Answer 10

b

It is possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic or fraternal twins that were conceived by sperm from two different men.

Question 11

The rapid changes that take place during this period proceed according to……………… and ………………..

Answer 11

the cephalocaudal

proximodistal principles of development

Question 12

Cephalocaudal development refers to the idea that

Answer 12

significant changes occur in the brain and the head before changes happen in the extremities.

at nine weeks gestation—the head of the embryo is much larger and more developed than the feet or the toes, which are not even visible

Question 13

Proximodistal development refers to the idea that

Answer 13

significant development occurs first at centrally located features, such as the heart or the lungs, before occurring at more peripheral locations, including the hands or fingers

Question 14

What principle of prenatal development is shown in this figure? la croissance de la tête

a
Implantation

b
Cephalocaudal development

c
Proximodistal development

d
Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 14

b

Cephalocaudal development

Question 15

By the end of the period of the embryo, all major bodily structures are ……………, but the embryo……………….

Answer 15

formed

cannot yet survive outside of the uterine environment.

Question 16

during which period the child in the womb develop the sulci and gyri (the bumps and grooves) that are characteristic of adult brains?

Answer 16

during the period of the fetus

during the last weeks of gestation

Question 17

Due to medical advances, fetuses can survive outside the uterus after about ….how many weeks? but ….lien avec brain development

Answer 17

22 weeks

However, significant brain development occurs between week 22 and birth. As shown here, fetal brains develop the sulci and gyri characteristic of adult brains only a few weeks before birth.​

Question 18

explain the period of the zygote-how many weeks, what happens

Answer 18

• from 0 to 2 weeks of gestation, ready for implants, the rapid cell division stage

Question 19

name the periods that the prenatal development is divided, (3)

Answer 19

period of the zygote
period of the embryo
period of the fetus

Question 20

explan the period of the embryo: how many weeks and what happens

Answer 20

2 to 8 weeks of gestation. It is when the majority of major body structures are formed: organogenesis (generating the organs).

Question 21

explain the period of the fetus, how many weeks and what happens

Answer 21

from 9 weeks until we are born (38,39,40 weeks). The longest time is the period of the fetus. A lot of refinement of the structures that have been formed, gaining weight in the last few weeks.
The fetus gains weight and moves into the head-down position that is preferred for childbirth. Significant advances also occur in terms of brain development

Question 22

what is the name of the process that generates the organs during the period of embryo?

Answer 22

organogenesis

Question 23

when does the child in the womb develop sulci and gyri (the bumps and grooves) that are characteristic of adult brains

Answer 23

during the last weeks of gestation during the period of fetus

Question 24

What is the defining feature of the period of the fetus?

a
Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall

b
The brain develops sulci and gyri

c
Rapid cell division

d
The emergence and development of major bodily systems

Answer 24

b
The brain develops sulci and gyri

The brain develops more completely, and the fetus moves so that the head faces the cervix to prepare for childbirth during the period of the fetus.

Question 25

the developement of the baby depend on which factors? whether the impacts are positives or negatives

Answer 25

the general health of the mother

the food she eats

the environmental agents to which the mother is exposed

Question 26

how de we name the environmental agents or substances that negatively impact prenatal development in the womb?

Answer 26

terotogens

Question 27

give examples of terotogens?

Answer 27

tobacco,

alcohol

over-the counter or

prescription medications

viruses

illnesses thant be transmitted from pregnant woman to their developing infants

Question 28

l’intensité des impacts of teratogens dépend de…

Answer 28

dose(how much of this potential agent is she taking)

timing in her pregnancy(at which week did she take it)

cumulative effects(the possibility that the pregnant woman may have been exposed to more thant one terotogen and that the effects of multiple teratogens working in combination may be difficult to disentangle)

Question 29

Which of the following is not a teratogen? explain why?

a
Maternal mental illness

b
Cigarette use

c
Illegal drug use

d
Environmental toxins

Answer 29

a
Maternal mental illness

Teratogens originate from outside the mother’s body and could harm a growing fetus. Drugs, toxins, and viral infections are teratogens.

Question 30

Which of the following is true concerning the ethics of conducting experiments to determine whether teratogens cause negative outcomes in developing humans? explain

a
It is unethical to randomly assign pregnant women to an experimental condition (e.g., exposure to teratogens) that might negatively impact their developing infant.

b
It is unethical to conduct experiments on teratogens in humans unless their participation is expected to benefit them directly.

c
It is not unethical to assign pregnant women to any experimental condition as long as they are aware of the possible risks beforehand.

d
It is important to know definitively whether an environmental agent is a teratogen, so such research is warranted, even when conducted with humans.

Answer 30

a
It is unethical to randomly assign pregnant women to an experimental condition (e.g., exposure to teratogens) that might negatively impact their developing infant.

We can’t randomly assign participants to a condition to receive a treatment we know will harm them when they won’t receive any benefits. Only others will benefit from the knowledge we gain.

Question 31

in which period of the prenatal development, the teratogens exert the most negative effects ?

Answer 31

during the period of the embryo

Question 32

why the most negative impacts of terotogens are during the period of the embryo?

Answer 32

1) this is because it is during the period of the embryo that most major bodily structures are being formed

As such, exposure to harmful environmental agents can cause significant negative effects

2) because many women may not realize they are pregnant until after this important period of prenatal development has passed. As such, women who are planning or attempting to become pregnant should abstain from known teratogens

Question 33

when the teratogens have less impact on the baby in the womb? BUT what happens to the brain during the fetus period if terotogens are present?

Answer 33

during the fetus and the zygote period

but may have significant impacts on brain development and cognitive functioning over the long term

Question 34

Which of the following statements about teratogens is incorrect?
explain

a
Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant.

b
Teratogens do the most damage to major bodily structures during the period of the embryo.

c
Exposure to teratogens during the period of the fetus can cause damage to the brain and negatively impact cognitive functioning over the long term.

d
Women who are attempting to become pregnant should limit their exposure to known teratogens.

Answer 34

a
Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant.

Whether a woman knows she’s pregnant or not does not affect when teratogens harm a zygote or embryo. That is, teratogens will affect zygotes and embryos regardless of the mother’s awareness of either. For example, drinking water with high levels of lead (even though the mother doesn’t know there’s lead in the water or that she’s pregnant) will harm a fetus.

Question 35

an hypothese why during the zygote phase, the teratogens do not really impact the zygote:

Answer 35

blastocyst, because it is not implanted and it is just free flotting through the fallopian tube, it is not really sharing anything with the mother yet. So, it is usually susceptible to teratogens during this phase.

• On the other hand, you are more susceptible to miscarriage at this point, if something’s not going right at this point.

Question 36

qui s’occupe de dire si tel recomandation est bonne ou non pour le faire en lien avec les teratogens?

Answer 36

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Question 37

Infants who have been exposed to alcohol during pregnancy may be identified as having

Answer 37

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 38

what is FASD

Answer 38

FASD represents a range of conditions associated with being exposed to alcohol prenatally

Question 39

give on condition that children with FASD can have:

Answer 39

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): small widely spaced eyes, missing ridges under nose, thin upper lip

Question 40

est-ce qu’il y a une différence observée chez les enfants de e mères identifiées comme buveuses légères ou occasionnelles pendant leur grossesse ou chez les mères qui se sont abstenues de boire?

Answer 40

non, pas de différence

but, the most prudent recommendation is to avoid alcohol use completely throughout pregnancy.

Question 41

The effects of alcohol on the developing infant are numerous, including

Answer 41

damage to internal organs(resulting in heart or kidney problems as well as issues with vision or hearing),

altered physical characteristics (reduced head size, below-average height, and a smooth patch of skin between the nose and the upper lip, a thin upper lip, small widely spaced eyes)

cognitive impairments (problems with hyperactivity and inattention, reduced intelligence, and challenges in school).

Question 42

Which of the following is a sleeper effect?
explain

a
A newborn infant experiences increased irritability shortly after birth as a result of prenatal exposure to illegal drugs.

b
Seemingly for the first time, a child experiences difficulty concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol.

c
A newborn experiences low birth weight as a result of cigarette exposure in utero.

d
An infant is born with shortened limbs as a result of prenatal exposure to thalidomide.

Answer 42

b
Seemingly for the first time, a child experiences difficulty concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Sleeper effects are those that take a while to manifest. Sleeper effects won’t be obvious at birth. The sleeper effects may show up years after birth.

Question 43

which prescription medication was usen during the 1960s to elp alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness experienced by pregnant women?

Answer 43

Thalidomide

Question 44

the effect of thalidomide on pregnant women and at which period of prenatal development, this medication was given to these women?

and the impacts on infants that received this medication during the embryo period were….

Answer 44

The drug was effective at reducing sensations of nausea in pregnant women, and not negative effect on the pregnant women

during the period of the embryo

infants who had been exposed to the drug prenatally were born with shortened or otherwise malformed limbs, without limbs too

Question 45

how is transmitted the Zika virus?

Answer 45

is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes or through sexual contact with an infected individual,

Question 46

what impact has Zika virus on the baby?

Answer 46

microcephaly, or smaller infant head sizes

Question 47

symptoms of zika virus on women? but for their infants?

Answer 47

Zika infection results in mild symptoms for pregnant women, including a rash, itchy skin, and joint pain, but can result in significant adverse outcomes for their developing infants

Question 48

the abnormalities found in infants because of the zika virus were found at which period of prenatal development?

Answer 48

The abnormalities in fetal development were found regardless of the time during gestation at which pregnant women were identified as having the Zika virus, not just during the period of the embryo

Question 49

what is stillbirth?

Answer 49

is the death or loss of a baby before or during delivery. Both miscarriage and stillbirth describe pregnancy loss, but they differ according to when the loss occurs

Question 50

Which of the following is not an outcome associated with prenatal exposure to Zika?

a
Stillbirth

b
Stunted limb growth

c
Altered brain development

d
Microcephaly

Answer 50

b

Stunted limb growth

Question 51

zika virus is transmitted by which mosquitoes?

Answer 51

aedes aegypti

Question 52

microencephalie can be caused by:

Answer 52

genetics, malnutrition, alcohol, zika virus

Question 53

Which of the following statements concerning Zika prevention is true? explain

a
Pregnant women should avoid travel to areas of the world where Zika transmission has occurred.

b
Almost everyone is immune to the negative effects of Zika, so there is no need to be concerned about preventing it.

c
Condoms cannot be used to reduce the likelihood of sexually transmitting Zika.

d
Pregnant women do not have to worry about contracting Zika virus from mosquitoes in the United States, as Zika has not been transmitted to humans by mosquitoes in this part of the world.

Answer 53

a
Pregnant women should avoid travel to areas of the world where Zika transmission has occurred.

explanation: People can transmit the Zika virus through sexual contact after being bitten by an infected mosquito, and mothers and embryos are susceptible to the Zika virus. People should avoid exposure to the Zika virus, especially in places with confirmed cases of the virus: like the united states in south Florida, Brownsville, texas

Question 54

examples of teratogens that you learned more about in this course?

Answer 54

Alcohol

zika virus

thalidomide

covid-19

Question 55

afraid that babies would contract covid from the vagina of the mother, the babies were born by Cesarean section. so were the tested fluids or in maternal breastmilk found the covid?

Answer 55

non

but “there are reasonable concerns that COVID-19 could be contracted in the womb

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding associations about the COVID-19 virus, pregnancy, and childbirth is true?

a
Pregnant individuals or those who are considering becoming pregnant during the pandemic should not worry about the impact COVID-19 may have on them or their developing infant.

b
Pregnant individuals or those who are considering becoming pregnant during the pandemic should not consult with medical professionals about the most recent research.

c
One small study revealed no evidence to indicate that COVID-19 was transmitted from mothers to infants who were born by Cesarean section.

d
Studies conclusively indicate that COVID-19 is not passed from mothers to their infants during childbirth.

Answer 56

c
One small study revealed no evidence to indicate that COVID-19 was transmitted from mothers to infants who were born by Cesearean section.

Question 57

the babies that contracted zika virus have what kind of symptoms:

Answer 57

microencephally,

have severe learning disabilities

development delays

etc.

Question 58

apparent advances in child in the three years old, in the domain of

Answer 58

motor development(control muscles, walking)

language development

cognitive development(log term memory for past events by 20 months of age)

social development (personal connection, or attachments to their primary caregiver over the first 2 years of life).

Question 59

cognitive development refers to what?

Answer 59

refers to how the brain develops and how we gain cognitive skills such as information processing, problem solving, language learning, and more.

Question 60

which scientists did research on cognitive development in this course?

Answer 60

jean Piaget

Lev Vygotsky

Question 61

Piaget believed in what based on the cognitive development of children?

2 theories of Piaget

Answer 61

Piaget believed that children are active contributors to their own learning—that is, they construct their own knowledge—and for this reason, his theoretical perspective is described as constructivist.

Piaget stated that the growth of cognitive structures occurs when individuals encounter conflicting information that alters their existing perspectives on the world.

Question 62

Piaget suggests that encountering conflicting information in the world is one of the ways in which

Answer 62

cognitive change occurs over time.

Question 63

Piaget indicated that the modification of cognitive structures occurred through process known as

Answer 63

assimilation, accommodation, equilibration

Question 64

what means assimilation selon Piaget?

Answer 64

occurs when individuals encounter information that is similar to what they have in their existing cognitive structures; when this new information is encountered, it is added to existing cognitive structures.

Question 65

what means accommodation?

Answer 65

a child creates a new cognitive structure to account for information that does not fit elsewhere.

Question 66

what happens when it is a disequilibration and equilibration ?

Answer 66

when what exists in the outside world is not represented in the created cognitive structures—cognitive structures must be modified through assimilation or accommodation so that greater agreement occurs and equilibration is maintained.

Question 67

A young child is fascinated with animals and, as a result, enjoys going to the zoo. While at the zoo, she encounters the duck-billed platypus, an interesting mammal that bears some physical similarity to a duck and also lays eggs. The child includes this new animal in her existing schema for ducks. Which of the following cognitive processes did this child use to classify the platypus? explain

a
Equilibration

b
Accommodation

c
Disequilibration

d
Assimilation

Answer 67

d
Assimilation

Explanation
The platypus is all new information, and the platypus is categorized in an already-existing category, which is assimilation. Had the platypus been organized into a new category, that would be evidence for accommodation.

Question 68

As children’s cognitive structures are established and evolve, children progress through four major stages of cognitive development, three of which occur during infancy and childhood which are:

Answer 68

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

Question 69

sensorimotor

the age

significant characteristics

Answer 69

0-2 years

learns about the world largely through motor abilities

Question 70

preoperational

the age

significant characteristics

Answer 70

2-7 years old

can mentally represent the past, but experience issues with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks

Question 71

what is animism and egocentrism?

Answer 71

Animism: the child thinks the animal is real, the phone has a soul, you can talk to it.

Egocentrism: they can’t really think about anyone other than themselves. They can’t share another person’s point of view.

Question 72

what is animism and egocentrism?

Answer 72

Animism: the child thinks the animal is real, the phone has a soul, you can talk to it. –when preschool children ascribe life-like properties to things that are not alive

Egocentrism: they can’t really think about anyone other than themselves. They can’t share another person’s point of view.

Question 73

formal operational

the age

significant characteristics

Answer 73

able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and/or abstract problems

the formal operational period occurs in adolescence at the earliest, but may never be achieved by some individuals.

Question 74

Because Piaget believed that early stages provide ……………, children must progress through ………….

Answer 74

the foundation for later ones

each stage in order—there is no skipping stages.

Question 75

true or false

at each of the four stages(sensorimotor-formal operational), the child will think in a different way than the other stages

Answer 75

yes

Question 76

Which of the following statements is not true about Piagetian theory?explain

a
Recent research confirms all of Piaget’s findings

b
Piaget’s theory describes cognitive development in ways that are easily accessible and observable

c
Children must progress through each stage in order

d
Some individuals may never achieve the formal operational stage

Answer 76

a
Recent research confirms all of Piaget’s findings

Explanation
The previous paragraphs discussed aspects of Piaget’s theory but not how much research supports each aspect of his theory. No one’s theory is fully supported by experimental findings, and Piaget is no exception.

Question 77

during sensorimotor period, infants initially learn about the world through

Answer 77

their action, their reflexes

Question 78

sensorimotor stage is divided in how many substages?

Answer 78

6

Question 79

explain the first 3 substages of sensorimotor

age range and caracteristics

Answer 79

1

Birth to 1 month——Infants relate to the world using reflexes.

2
1 to 4 months———Infants engage in primary circular reactions, or repeated actions on their own bodies.

3
4 to 8 months——-Infants engage in secondary circular reactions, or repeated actions on objects outside of their own bodies.

Question 80

explain the first 3 substages of sensorimotor

age range and caracteristics

Answer 80

1

Birth to 1 month——Infants relate to the world using reflexes–if afraid, he will grasp something.

2
1 to 4 months———Infants engage in primary circular reactions, or repeated actions on their own bodies.

3
4 to 8 months——-Infants engage in secondary circular reactions, or repeated actions on objects outside of their own bodies.

Question 81

In the second substage, from one to four months of age, infants learn about the world by engaging in ……………..

Answer 81

primary circular reactions

Question 82

what are primary circular reactions?

Answer 82

where they engage in repeated actions on their own bodies. For example, an infant might routinely suck on different parts of her hand, ultimately learning that certain parts (such as her fingers) are easier to suck on than others (such as her palm)

Question 83

why it is called primary and circular the reactions made at one to four months age?

Answer 83

These actions are called “primary” because they are focused on the infant’s own body, and they are called “circular” because infants engage in these behaviors repetitively.

Question 84

what are secondary circular reactions?

Answer 84

repeated actions on objects outside of their own bodies. At this point in time, for example, infants might enjoy repeatedly dropping toys off the side of their high chairs

Question 85

the infants have at the beginning object permanence? and what it is?

and at what months, the infants will have this object permanence?

Answer 85

non
they do not realize that objects exist when they cannot be seen. As a result, if an infant drops a toy that falls under his chair, he will not attempt to look for the toy—it is as though the toy no longer exists. It is only around the age of nine months that infants start to realize that items exist even when they cannot be seen.

Question 86

Object permanence is required for infants to be successful in which of the following scenarios? explain

a
An infant sees her mother walk into an adjacent room and starts playing with a new toy.

b
An infant sees her toy peeking out from under a rug and crawls over to grab it.

c
An infant drops a Cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it.

d
An infant sees a toy on top of her blanket and reaches over to grab it.

Answer 86

c
An infant drops a Cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it.

Explanation
If a child drops a Cheerio on the floor, the high chair and tray might be in the child’s way, blocking their vision of the Cheerio on the floor. In order to look for the Cheerio on the floor, children must know that objects still exist even when they can’t see them (object permanence).

Question 87

what are tertiairy cicrular reactions? and when the child engage them?

Answer 87

Children are truly becoming “little scientists” at this point; for example, they may bang on different objects with their hands or wooden spoons to hear the various sounds that result

they actively explore the world using different combinations of items to see how these changes affect their observed outcomes.

from 12-18 months

Question 88

what is mental representation and when the child has it?

Answer 88

they remember what they observed others doing previously and may start to act in similar ways themselves!

after 18-24 months

Question 89

true or false

According to Piaget, children acquire the simpler stages earlier (reflexes at 0-1 month of age) and the more complex cognitive development at later stages (18-24 months of age).

Answer 89

true

Question 90

the preoperational period is divided into 2 substages: and when they occurs?

Answer 90

preconceptual thinking occurs from ages two to four years,

whereas intuitive thinking occurs from four to seven years.

Question 91

true or false
Significant advances in cognitive development are apparent during this period, although weaknesses remain.(during the preoperational period)

Answer 91

true

Question 92

they become better at waht during the preoperational period but have challenges to what?

Answer 92

better at symbolic thinking: they become more adept at using language to convey their thoughts and feelings, and they readily engage in pretend play.

challenges associated with animism and egocentrism

Question 93

they become better at waht during the preoperational period but have challenges to what(3)?

Answer 93

better at symbolic thinking: they become more adept at using language to convey their thoughts and feelings, and they readily engage in pretend play.

challenges associated with animism and egocentrism

Children also experience significant difficulty with conservation tasks during the preoperational period of cognitive development.

Question 94

explain the conservation tasks and examples when the child has difficulties with it?

Answer 94

children do not yet realize that certain physical qualities of an object remain unchanged despite changes to its physical appearance. For example, children may not yet understand that a ball of clay rolled into a long snake has the same amount of clay as when it was made into a ball. Conservation tasks may focus on liquid, mass, number, or length

Question 95

explain how the child reagit during the concrete operational period

Answer 95

children are limited to the here and now in their thinking. They can evaluate and make sense of what they can physically see in the world around them, but thinking about hypothetical situations is difficult.

Question 96

there are 3 transformative principles that are achieved during the concrete operational period: and explain each one

Answer 96

identity, occurs when children realize that the transformations they observe do not alter the medium in any meaningful way:

The second transformative principle, compensation, occurs when children recognize that the imposed changes cancel each other out.

inversion—they realize that each of the processes imposed in conservation tasks is easily reversible.

Question 97

the theory of Lev Vygotsky is based on what? compared to Piaget

Answer 97

Contrary to Piaget, who focused on stages of cognitive development with little regard for societal influences on cognitive growth and change over time, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised

Question 98

who vygostky saw as the central to rpomoting cognitive development in enfancy and adulthood? and how do they do it?

Answer 98

adults

parents help scaffold young children’s learning by providing cognitive support for children as they work through difficult tasks

They use assembled structures to help them reach higher than they could without assistance.

Question 99

how scaffolding is described by Lev vygostky?

Answer 99

he assistance adults provide allows children to achieve more than they would be able to achieve by themselves

As children acquire increased cognitive competence, parents remove their supports, allowing children to complete tasks on their own.

Question 100

Which of the following examples describe situations in which scaffolding is occurring?
explain

a
A mother watches as her son tries to learn to tie his shoes by himself.

b
A father helps his daughter complete difficult math problems by giving her worksheets.

c
A child watches cartoons on an iPad with his younger sister.

d
A grandmother runs behind her grandson’s bike, holding onto the seat until he gains his balance. She then lets go and watches as he rides down the street.

Answer 100

d
A grandmother runs behind her grandson’s bike, holding onto the seat until he gains his balance. She then lets go and watches as he rides down the street.

Explanation
The grandmother provides the basis for her grandson’s bike riding success. The grandson had some of the skills for riding bicycles in his skill set but could not have gained his balance and pushed off from a stop without her help.

Question 101

Educators who adopt a Vygotskiian perspective in their classrooms focus on …………………….

Answer 101

the zone of proximal development

Question 102

what is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 102

refers to the distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with some assistance. Proponents of this approach believe that it is not enough to know what a child can do by herself, but that important information can be gleaned by understanding how much a child benefits from assistance.

Question 103

true or false?

Vygotsky also commented on how broader social influences impact cognitive development.

Answer 103

true

Question 104

what tool lyvotsky thought was the best for the development?

Answer 104

language

Question 105

what differenciate us from robots and children devlop it

similarities

Answer 105

Fictional robots are commonly designed to be just as cognitively able as humans—sometimes they even act, talk, and even look like humans. Despite these similarities, there is always one trait that sets them apart from humans: their lack of true social understanding. In order to navigate everyday scenarios, we must develop an understanding of ourselves and those around us.

Question 106

in what did theses people did research for social development in children

John Bowlby

Mary Ainsworth

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 106

John Bowlby
• Attachment style in infancy

Mary Ainsworth
• Attachment style and Strange Situation

Lawrence Kohlberg
• Morality and Heinz’s dilemma

Question 107

what is attachment?

Answer 107

refers to the manner in which we interact with our primary caregivers as infants and with our romantic partners as adults.

Question 108

what is imprintig? and who did a research on that

Answer 108

goslings followed the first large moving object they saw after hatching, and showed a preference for this object—even over their own biological mother. This process, called imprinting, suggests that young organisms may be biologically predisposed to form relationships with the adults of their species.

Konrad Lorenz.

Question 109

Harlow Harry did a research based on what type of attachment?

Answer 109

Other social scientists continued to examine the hypothesis that early attachment is based on biological needs and survival.

Question 110

According to the video of Harlow’s research, how much time did infant monkeys generally spend on their cloth mothers?

a
Approximately 12 hours per day (an even split amongst both mothers)

b
Approximately 1 hour per day

c
Approximately 17-18 hours per day

d
0 hours per day (all time was spent on the wire mother)

Answer 110

c

Approximately 17-18 hours per day

Question 111

true or false

Researchers suggest that parent–infant relationships are important not only for survival but may also set the stage for expectations and interactions in future romantic relationships.

Answer 111

true

Question 112

theory of Bowlby

Answer 112

Bowlby believed that mammals develop attachment bonds as a means of promoting their survival and that without them, infants would perish due to a lack of food or protection

the widespread belief was that all infants develop some attachment to their primary caregivers

Question 113

the strange situation paradigm made by mary ainsworth allowed to

Answer 113

allowed researchers to systematically explore the attachment relationships infants develop with their primary caregivers, as well as some of the factors that contribute to the emergence of attachment relationships early in life.

Question 114

Referring to the video above on Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Paradigm, how did the infant respond during Episode 6, when she was left in the room by herself?

a
She sat quietly and looked at the floor

b
She walked to the door, attempting to find her mother

c
She happily played with the toys that were provided to her

d
She cried and flailed her body around as a sign of her distress

Answer 114

d

She cried and flailed her body around as a sign of her distress

Question 115

based in the strange situation paradigm of Ainsworth, the team idneitfier 3 primary attachment, which are:

Answer 115

securely attached

insecure-resistant

insecure avoidant

Question 116

explain what you saw during the secure attached

Answer 116

these infants were comfortable playing in the novel room and interacting with the stranger as long as the mother was present. These infants became distressed when the mother left the room but seemed happy when she came back—infants crawled or walked to the mother for comfort and stopped crying after they were picked up

Question 117

explain what you saw during insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 117

Infants with this attachment classification were clingy and resisted separation from their caregivers, perhaps by holding onto their mother’s skirt as she tried to exit the room. These infants were fearful of the stranger when left alone with her and in some cases engaged in additional contact-maintaining behaviors with the mother when she reappeared.

Question 118

explain what can be seen to children with insecure-avoidanta attachment

Answer 118

experienced minimal stranger anxiety when left alone with the stranger and showed little distress when their mother was absent. When their mothers returned, infants did not approach her for comfort or seem excited by her appearance—they actively avoided her, perhaps looking over to her but making limited attempts to interact with her.

Question 119

more recent research found a fourth attachemnt and explain it

Answer 119

disorganized attachment. This attachment style is characterized by extreme fear and dissociation; infants with this attachment classification may demonstrate odd behaviors when interacting with their mothers, such as wanting to approach them while also seeking to move away (e.g., moving away from the mother with outstretched arms, as though wanting to be picked up).

Question 120

You’re at a family picnic with your infant son. You want to grab some more food, so you ask your uncle – someone with whom your infant has almost no experience – to hold your son while you get some food. Your son seems reluctant to be handed over, clinging to your shorts and starting to cry. Which of the following attachment styles best describes your son’s behavior? explanation

a
Securely attached

b
Insecure-avoidant

c
Insecure-resistant

d
Disorganized

Answer 120

c
Insecure-resistant

Explanation
While infants who have secure attachments may cry when their parent leaves, they will eventually play with the stranger while the parent is gone. The crying and clinging to the parent is more characteristic of an insecure-resistant attachment style. They aren’t convinced that the stranger is safe and resist separation from the parent.

Question 121

what studied Kohlberg?

Answer 121

moral understanding using vignettes–Where do our morals come from? When do they develop? How do they influence our behavior?

Kohlberg wasn’t necessarily interested in whether participants decided that Heinz should or should not steal the drug—he was interested in their reasoning.

Question 122

Kohlberg developed 3 primary stages of moral reasoning:

Answer 122

pre-conventional morality

conventional morality

post-conventional morality

Question 123

describe the pre-conventional morality

Answer 123

have yet to develop a moral code independent of the adults around them. That is, children in this stage of development have a limited understanding of morality beyond the idea that doing bad things results in punishment, whereas doing good results in reward.

Good and bad based on reprocity and punishment

Question 124

describe the conventional morality

at which age it begins?

Answer 124

morals based on societal pressures, no longer dictated by rewards and punishments

adolescents

Question 125

describe the post conventional morality

Answer 125

Individuals who function at this level of moral reasoning understand that moral decisions are based on internal principles and are not entirely dictated by society or other individuals. As such, individuals at this stage of moral reasoning develop their own ethical principles that may or may not clash with societal expectations.

associated with human rights or justice

Question 126

similarities and differences between an adolescent and an adult

and give an example

Answer 126

Teenagers can argue and reason as well as adults because of advances in abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning, but they still make poorer decisions and engage in riskier behavior.

Consider an adolescent who knows the time of his nightly curfew but then shows up late because he failed to consider how long it would take him to drop his friends off at home first. The good news is that this sort of behavior—while exceedingly frustrating to parents—is developmentally appropriate.

Question 127

name the stage made by Piaget for adolescents aged 12 and up

Answer 127

formal operational period

Question 128

which part in the brain begin to develop more in adolescents? and it is to known to do what?

Answer 128

the prefrontal cortex lobes of the brain–is known for its critical contribution to cognitive processes known as executive functions.

Question 129

explain the executive functions

Answer 129

are the higher-order cognitive processes that, in many ways, make us human, including abilities related to planning for the future, controlling (potentially inappropriate) impulses, mentally manipulating and working with information, switching between tasks with distinct but similar response demands, and making complex decisions

Question 130

what happens during the first 30 years of life? likn with the brain

Answer 130

Connections, or synapses, in the brain are pruned back, ultimately resulting in more efficient neural processing. Myelination of prefrontal axons continues as well, yielding speedier transmission of neural signals. Neural communication becomes more widespread and integrated, resulting in a more distributed pattern of processing. In addition, concentrations of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in reward processing, are highest in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence; dopaminergic neurons also innervate the prefrontal cortex at higher rates during this period of time (Hoops & Flores, 2017). These dopamine-related changes in the brain may be related to increased risk-taking behavior observed during adolescence

Question 131

Which of the following brain areas undergoes significant development in adolescence and beyond? explain

a
The cerebellum

b
The thalamus

c
The prefrontal cortex

d
The lateral ventricles

Answer 131

c
The prefrontal cortex

Explanation
The prefrontal cortex experiences synaptic pruning and myelination during adolescence. The other brain regions are more fully mature by adolescence.

Question 132

Because the prefrontal cortex has not yet reached adult levels of maturity, teenagers may experience difficulty ………….

Answer 132

assessing risks and controlling their behavior.

Question 133

As the prefrontal cortex develops, teenagers may be more susceptible ………………relative to adults and less sensitive……………

Answer 133

to the perceived positive consequences associated with risk

to potential negative outcomes

Question 134

Research on juvenile offenders has revealed other factors beyond brain development that are associated with risk-taking behaviors. like:

Answer 134

poor impulse control: people with this trait will do again the bad thing comapred to those with better impulse control and those with more positive socail contexts(family etc)

Question 135

Which of the following statements about factors associated with reoffending in juveniles is correct?
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.

a
Poorer impulse control is not independently associated with reoffending in juveniles.

b
Positive social contexts are associated with lower rates of reoffending by juveniles with poorer impulse control.

c
More negative social contexts are not independently associated with reoffending in juveniles.

d
Positive social contexts are associated with lower rates of reoffending by juveniles with better impulse control.

Answer 135

d

Positive social contexts are associated with lower rates of reoffending by juveniles with better impulse control.

Question 136

adolescents commonly engage in what is known as adolescent ………..,

Answer 136

egocentrism

Question 137

explain adolescent egocentrism

Answer 137

which can cause them to think that everyone is watching them and thinking about their actions.

their perspective is the only right

Question 138

what sugegsted Elkind based on the adolescent egocentrism:

Answer 138

suggested that individuals differentially focus on what is of interest to themselves over what is likely of interest to others because of the significant physical changes they are experiencing within their own bodies. Because the adolescent is so strongly focused on these changes, she feels as though everyone else must be similarly interested in them.

Question 139

adolescent egocentrism is characterized in part by an ……….

Answer 139

imaginary audience

Question 140

what is imaginary audience?

Answer 140

adolescents think that everyone is focused on them,

Question 141

what is personal fable and what happens over time with adolescents

Answer 141

in which adolescents think of themselves as unique and invulnerable to risky situations. Over time, adolescents start focusing less on themselves, which is beneficial to both themselves and those around them.

Question 142

james marcia researched about..

Answer 142

identity development–regarde dans le doc pour les types!!!

Question 143

explain forclosed identity:

Answer 143

have prematurely decided who they are, likely conforming to the ideas of or expectations set by others

Question 144

explain identity diffusion

Answer 144

have not made any decisions or commitments about their identities.

Question 145

explain psychological moratorium

Answer 145

are exploring various options, perhaps by enrolling in college,

Question 146

explain identity achievement

Answer 146

have completed their identity crisis and have committed to who they believe themselves to be.

Question 147

The psychoanalytic approach suggests that emerging peer relationships compensate for …………..

Answer 147

changes in parent–adolescent relationships.

Question 148

Which of the following are most important when considering predictors of good adolescent mental health and well-being?explain

a
Parent-adolescent relationships

b
Peer-adolescent relationships

c
Parent-peer relationships

d
None of the above

Answer 148

a
Parent-adolescent

Explanation
Friends are important, but the research indicates that the main predictor of adolescent mental health is an individual’s relationship with their parents.

Question 149

what is dementia

Answer 149

deterioration of brain function that negatively impacts cognitive processes.

encompassing loss of cognitive functioning that may be due to Alzheimer’s disease

Question 150

alzheimer’s disease affects what part of our quotidien

Answer 150

memory
reasoning

judgement

Question 151

is dementia a norm in typical aging?

Answer 151

non

Question 152

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relation between dementia and Alzheimer’s disease?
explain

a
Alzheimer’s disease is a specific type of dementia

b
Dementia is a specific type of Alzheimer’s disease

c
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are the same thing

d
There is no relation between dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 152

a
Alzheimer’s disease is a specific type of dementia

Explanation
Dementia is broader and could be due to many factors, including Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 153

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the gradual onset of impairments in

Answer 153

in memory, language, and other cognitive functions, along with increased confusion and depression that increasingly complicates the completion of activities for daily living

genetics may be a cause of it

Question 154

give examples of protective factors against cognitive decline

Answer 154

including having a strong social network, staying intellectually engaged, and being physically active

Question 155

Which of the following factors does not seem to protect against cognitive decline in old age?
explain

a
A strong social support network

b
Being physically active

c
Remaining intellectually active (e.g., doing crossword puzzles)

d
Eliminating caffeine from one’s diet

Answer 155

d
Eliminating caffeine from one’s diet

Explanation
Strong social networks, exercise, and environmental stimulation can all protect against cognitive decline. Caffeine has no effect.

Question 156

idead like when to have children, when to be married, when to retire are influenced by the

Answer 156

socail clock

Question 157

what is a social clok

Answer 157

representing cultural norms about appropriate times for key life events

Question 158

what is an emerging adulthood

Answer 158

a period of development ranging from the late teens to the mid-20s marked by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, and exploring possibilities for one’s life

Question 159

Using an interview technique known as the Adult Attachment Interview, Mary Main identified three attachment styles in adults that parallel those observed in infants:

Answer 159

secure or autonomous attachment

anxious or preoccupied attachment

dismissive or avoidant attachment

Question 160

explain secure or autonomous attachment in adults

Answer 160

Secure or autonomous attached adults, like securely attached infants, react to relationships in an even and positive manner. They are comfortable and confident in their ability to become emotionally close to others, and they enjoy a balance of closeness and independence in their relationships as a result.

Question 161

explain anxious or preoccupied attachment in adults

Answer 161

nxious or preoccupied adults have an attachment profile that parallels the insecure-resistant attachment classification in infants. Adults with this attachment classification tend to feel uncomfortable with independence and strive for constant intimacy and closeness in their intimate relationships. Because anxious-preoccupied adults have such high levels of relationship needs, however, they report that they are often unable to find romantic partners willing to react similarly.

Question 162

explain the dismissive or avoidant attachment in adults

Answer 162

This attachment classification, which maps on to the avoidant attachment classification in infants, includes adults who are perfectly comfortable without close emotional relationships. These adults tend to believe that close relationships will compromise their independence, and they often avoid such relationships altogether.

Question 163

After your friend describes her blind dates in full detail, she chastises you for convincing her to try online dating in the first place. She declares that she will never date again because it’s not worth the heartbreak and dating makes her feel uncomfortable. What attachment style best characterizes your friend?
explain

a
Undetermined or unclassified

b
Anxious or preoccupied

c
Dismissive or avoidant

d
Secure

Answer 163

c
Dismissive or avoidant

Explanation
Dismissive or avoidance attachment styles in adults are characterized by single adults who dismiss the idea of having a relationship and avoid romantic entanglements.

Question 164

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?
explain

a
Marital satisfaction generally increases after the birth of a child

b
Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child

c
Marital satisfaction remains the same after the birth of a child

d
Marital satisfaction after the birth of a child is unrelated to other factors occurring in the marriage or household, such as conflict or stress

Answer 164

b
Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child

Explanation
If there is marital conflict or stress before the birth of a child, then parents may report being less satisfied in their marriage. However, the benefits of parenthood (meaningful life, satisfaction, etc.) outweigh the drawbacks according to more recent

Question 165

what are the factors to a predicted succesful retirement adjustment?

Answer 165

having better psychological health, a higher income, and being married

Question 166

Which of the following factors is not associated with better adjustment to retirement?
explain

a
Having a spouse

b
Having sufficient financial resources to support retirement

c
Being in better health

d
Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce

Answer 166

d
Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce

Explanation
Research doesn’t indicate that the amount of time spent on the workforce influences satisfaction in retirement.

Question 167

socioemotional selectivity theory predicts what?

Answer 167

predicts, based on one’s place in the life course and the perception of time left in life, that younger adults will value information-related goals and older adults will place emphasis on emotion-related goals

older adults also develop more capacity for emotion regulation and emotional well-being. In particular, older adults learn to avoid negatively arousing stimuli (e.g., a friendship that generates mostly negative feelings) and focus on cultivating personally satisfying relationships.

Question 168

Relative to younger adults, older adults place greater emphasis on which aspect of their lives?
explain

a
Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others

b
Pursuing different educational opportunities

c
Maintaining their physical health through diet and exercise

d
Identity development

Answer 168

a
Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others

Explanation
Emotional relationships with others, like friends, are more important to older adults.

Question 169

what erik erikson tried to understand?

Answer 169

understand behavior from birth to death

his theory tracks the development of personality across the lifespan

Question 170

What developtmental milestone in infancy -birth to 2 years?

Answer 170

trust vs Mistrust

Question 171

what develpmental mislestone in early childhood-2 to 4 years?

Answer 171

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 172

what developmental milestone in preschool in 4 to 5 years?

Answer 172

initiative vs guilt

Question 173

what devlopmental milestone at school age- 5 to 12 years?

Answer 173

industry vs inferiority

Question 174

what developmental milestone in adolescence- 13-19 years?

Answer 174

identity vs role confusion

Question 175

what developmental milestone at early adulthood- 20 to 39 years?

Answer 175

intimacy vs isolation

Question 176

what developmental milestone at middle adulthood? 40-64 years?

Answer 176

generativity vs stagnation

Question 177

what developmental milestones at maturity- 65+?

Answer 177

ego ontegrity vs

despair

Question 178

Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional design?
explain

a
Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?

b
What strategies do 2nd graders use to solve a difficult math problem?
Your answer

c
How do the characteristics of romantic relationships change with age?

d
How does memory develop from infancy to early childhood?

Answer 178

a
Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?

Explanation
The age groups don’t have to be diverse, and there might be significant differences between students who are only one or two grade levels apart.

Question 179

Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a high amplitude sucking paradigm?
explain

a
Do newborns prefer listening to proper grammar relative to incorrect grammar?

b
Do newborns show a preference for their native language relative to other languages they are not routinely exposed to?

c
Do 4-month-olds show a preference for their mother’s voice relative to the voice of a female stranger?

d
All of the above

Answer 179

d
All of the above

Explanation
All the examples involve language, and infants should suck on the sterilized pacifier at higher rates when they are listening to familiar speech.

Question 180

Which of the following statements is not true of habituation paradigms?
explain

a
They can be used to understand infant preferences for different stimuli.

b
They can be used with young participants.

c
They can provide important information about cognitive processing in infancy.

d
They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.

Answer 180

d
They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.

Explanation
Habituation paradigms will tell researchers about preferences and when they exist but not which mechanisms are responsible for those preferences. The cause for the preference is inferred by the researcher.

Question 181

theory of mind–at which age is present and explain it

Answer 181

4 years old
he understanding that others have feelings, thoughts, and desires that differ from one’s own, through voluntary behaviors.

Question 182

explain recall memory

Answer 182

the ability to recount specific episodes or events from the past, we have to employ a different technique.

Question 183

Which of the following hypotheses cannot be tested using elicited imitation?

a
Do children pay more attention to colorful, novel props relative to those that are more drab and dull?

b
Do children interact more with colorful, novel props relative to those that are more drab and dull?

c
Can you teach theory of mind to children under the age of 4?

d
Do children maintain memories of past events over the long term?

Answer 183

c
Can you teach theory of mind to children under the age of 4?

Explanation
Questions could be asked about memory over a delay without a chance for the child to practice the new skill and when children attend to the actions of others. Children are not asked to understand how another child is thinking or feeling, so theory of mind is not tested with the elicited imitation paradigm.

Question 184

Cecilia, a graduate student, is working to develop her first research study. She is curious about whether living in a bilingual household improves memory in 2-year-old children. Which of the following research methods would allow her to draw the most accurate conclusions from her data?

a
Questionnaires only

b
Behavioral approaches only

c
Neuroscientific techniques only

d
A combination of the approaches mentioned above

Answer 184

d
A combination of the approaches mentioned above

Explanation
Questionnaires can provide correlation information but not causation. Behavioral approaches can assess memory, and neuroscientific techniques can answer questions about structural changes in the brain potentially due to a bilingual education.