Chapter 10(cours 2,3) Flashcards
intelligence was originaly defined as
ability to discern true or important information from false or unimportant information(modern-to read between the lines)
what is self-enhancement bias?
the tendency to judge one’s performance as better than the average without any evidence of special expertise or training
give examples of what can cause lower intellectual functioning
fetal alcohol syndrome
birth trauma
severe child abuse
genetic and chromosomal disorder( down’S syndrome, fragile X syndrome, PKU)
Aristotle distinguished between two dimensions of behavioral flexibility which are
- Practical wisdom: application of knowledge; reasoning
2. Theoretical wisdom: understanding objective truth; science
the importance of the ability to learn from ……….. and to adapt to ……………
experience
changes in the environment
now, intelligence is defined as
the ability to gain knowledge by learning and solving problems. If you are more intelligent, you will gain your skills and theories more effectively than someone with lower intelligence.
jams flynn stated that
average scores on IQ tests were increasing over time—a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect
Three main explanations have developed to identify the precise cause(s) of the apparent change in IQ scores over time
- Overall improvement in nutrition and medical care-which results in significant positive effects on the healthy development of the brain and cognitive abilities
- Improvements in education- the importance of abstract thinking, the necessity of scientific reasoning and classification, and the focus on logical and mathematical analysis.
- Increased environmental complexity via technology
According to Flynn, which of the following are correct? Select all that apply.
a: Using current norms‚ the average IQ for those three generations back is 70.
b: Using early norms (from three prior generations)‚ the current average IQ is 130.
c: Using current norms‚ an IQ of 70 is considered the cutoff for intellectual disability.
d: Using current norms‚ an IQ of 130 is considered the cutoff for giftedness.
e: Three generations ago‚ the majority of people were intellectually disabled.
A,B,C,D
Intellectual disability is diagnosed using both a person’s IQ score and their ability to adapt to the world around them – the average person three generations ago could certainly do that.
Using concrete and abstract thinking processes, what would a crow and a fish have in common? (Concrete thinking, abstract Thinking)
They are both living organisms
They both have eyes
Concrete- They both have eyes
Abstract - They are both living organisms
Concrete thinking considers basic, physical properties like “having eyes” while abstract thinking considers meaningful relationships and other higher order features like category membership (e.g., “is a living thing”.)
According to Flynn, in today’s world we do much more __________ thinking, whereas Luria found that in the early 1900s, people used ________ thinking.
a: abstract; concrete
b: concrete, abstract
c: fluid; fixed
d: dynamic; stagnant
A abstract, concrete
Flynn argued that people today must think more abstractly than in years past to accomplish day-to-day tasks, while in Luria’s day, most day-to-day tasks were very concrete.
According to Flynn, which of the following statements is NOT correct?
a: Today 35% of persons have cognitively demanding jobs, which is a massive increase from 3% in the early 1900s.
b: The number of years of education has dramatically increased.
c: Today, students are tested with more hypothetical questions that require the use of theoretical concepts.
d: We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge
D
We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge
Flynn discusses a trend toward reading less history, literature, and information about foreign lands in the modern world, indicating a preference for technical and abstract knowledge over historical and political knowledge.
francis galton focused on measuring varied abilities of people using
empirical methods to ensure precise assessment
He hypothesized that one’s general cognitive ability (g) was the product of heredity, and believed that intelligence was related to how well one uses one’s senses.
• Believed that multiple physiological measures predict intelligence
what tests did francis galton?
weight discrimination(the ability to notice small differences in weight)
pitch sensitivity (the ability to notice differences in pitch)
what found francis galton based on his statistics?
Galton plotted the results of each measure and found that each ability formed a normal distribution like many other characteristics of behavior. In a normal distribution, most of the results are found around some central values
So, for example, if we measured the heights of 100 men, we would find that most of our results would be heights of 5’9”, 5’10”, 5’11”, and 6’. We would find far fewer results of values that are lower or higher than these four values, and the farther we go below or above these central values the rarer the results become
Imagine you are asked to write a brief essay on the flaws in Galton’s approach to intelligence. Which of the following would be a justifiable argument?
a: Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.
b: There is no data whatsoever to suggest that there is a biological component to intelligence.
c: There are flaws with a normally distributed curve.
d: None of the traits Galton studied would create a normal distribution today.
a: Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.
Normally distributed traits are not necessarily biological, which Galton believed simply because many biological traits are normally distributed.
How did Sir Francis Galton purport to measure differences in abilities?
a: A paper and pencil exam
b: He was not interested in examining differences across people
c: Using multiple physiological measures
d: Using one measure of perceptual discrepancy.
c: Using multiple physiological measures
Galton’s measurements of characteristics (e.g., hair and eye color) as well as perceptual abilities (e.g., weight discrimination tasks) are known as physiological measurements.
Galton’s measurements predicted academic success.
true or false
false
Galton’s measurements did not correspond with school performance.
Galton collected data from many patrons and found that most characteristics cluster around some value, but also have variability that is known as the _________.
a: mean
b: median
c: standard deviation
d: intelligence
c standard deviation
C
Standard deviation measures the typical amount of variability there is in a characteristics around that characteristic’s mean (average) value.
what is the conclusion in galton’s tests? but…
Galton’s tests were not predictive of performance in school, suggesting that the tests do not measure intelligence.
• Theory resulted in discovery that intelligence is normally distributed
although, as we shall see, the idea that there may be physiological measures of intelligence has re-emerged with neuroscience and new technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imagery
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon defined intelligence as
he ability to “judge well, to comprehend well, to reason well.” They developed tests of attention, memory, imagination, reasoning, common sense, and abstraction
what are the three basic abilities found by Binet and Simon?
Direction
Adaptation
Criticism
What means direction selon binet and simon?
is the ability to know what to do and how to do it
what means adaptation to binet and simon?
is the ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress (notice Aristotle’s distinction at work).