Chapter 10(cours 2,3) Flashcards
intelligence was originaly defined as
ability to discern true or important information from false or unimportant information(modern-to read between the lines)
what is self-enhancement bias?
the tendency to judge one’s performance as better than the average without any evidence of special expertise or training
give examples of what can cause lower intellectual functioning
fetal alcohol syndrome
birth trauma
severe child abuse
genetic and chromosomal disorder( down’S syndrome, fragile X syndrome, PKU)
Aristotle distinguished between two dimensions of behavioral flexibility which are
- Practical wisdom: application of knowledge; reasoning
2. Theoretical wisdom: understanding objective truth; science
the importance of the ability to learn from ……….. and to adapt to ……………
experience
changes in the environment
now, intelligence is defined as
the ability to gain knowledge by learning and solving problems. If you are more intelligent, you will gain your skills and theories more effectively than someone with lower intelligence.
jams flynn stated that
average scores on IQ tests were increasing over time—a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect
Three main explanations have developed to identify the precise cause(s) of the apparent change in IQ scores over time
- Overall improvement in nutrition and medical care-which results in significant positive effects on the healthy development of the brain and cognitive abilities
- Improvements in education- the importance of abstract thinking, the necessity of scientific reasoning and classification, and the focus on logical and mathematical analysis.
- Increased environmental complexity via technology
According to Flynn, which of the following are correct? Select all that apply.
a: Using current norms‚ the average IQ for those three generations back is 70.
b: Using early norms (from three prior generations)‚ the current average IQ is 130.
c: Using current norms‚ an IQ of 70 is considered the cutoff for intellectual disability.
d: Using current norms‚ an IQ of 130 is considered the cutoff for giftedness.
e: Three generations ago‚ the majority of people were intellectually disabled.
A,B,C,D
Intellectual disability is diagnosed using both a person’s IQ score and their ability to adapt to the world around them – the average person three generations ago could certainly do that.
Using concrete and abstract thinking processes, what would a crow and a fish have in common? (Concrete thinking, abstract Thinking)
They are both living organisms
They both have eyes
Concrete- They both have eyes
Abstract - They are both living organisms
Concrete thinking considers basic, physical properties like “having eyes” while abstract thinking considers meaningful relationships and other higher order features like category membership (e.g., “is a living thing”.)
According to Flynn, in today’s world we do much more __________ thinking, whereas Luria found that in the early 1900s, people used ________ thinking.
a: abstract; concrete
b: concrete, abstract
c: fluid; fixed
d: dynamic; stagnant
A abstract, concrete
Flynn argued that people today must think more abstractly than in years past to accomplish day-to-day tasks, while in Luria’s day, most day-to-day tasks were very concrete.
According to Flynn, which of the following statements is NOT correct?
a: Today 35% of persons have cognitively demanding jobs, which is a massive increase from 3% in the early 1900s.
b: The number of years of education has dramatically increased.
c: Today, students are tested with more hypothetical questions that require the use of theoretical concepts.
d: We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge
D
We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge
Flynn discusses a trend toward reading less history, literature, and information about foreign lands in the modern world, indicating a preference for technical and abstract knowledge over historical and political knowledge.
francis galton focused on measuring varied abilities of people using
empirical methods to ensure precise assessment
He hypothesized that one’s general cognitive ability (g) was the product of heredity, and believed that intelligence was related to how well one uses one’s senses.
• Believed that multiple physiological measures predict intelligence
what tests did francis galton?
weight discrimination(the ability to notice small differences in weight)
pitch sensitivity (the ability to notice differences in pitch)
what found francis galton based on his statistics?
Galton plotted the results of each measure and found that each ability formed a normal distribution like many other characteristics of behavior. In a normal distribution, most of the results are found around some central values
So, for example, if we measured the heights of 100 men, we would find that most of our results would be heights of 5’9”, 5’10”, 5’11”, and 6’. We would find far fewer results of values that are lower or higher than these four values, and the farther we go below or above these central values the rarer the results become
Imagine you are asked to write a brief essay on the flaws in Galton’s approach to intelligence. Which of the following would be a justifiable argument?
a: Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.
b: There is no data whatsoever to suggest that there is a biological component to intelligence.
c: There are flaws with a normally distributed curve.
d: None of the traits Galton studied would create a normal distribution today.
a: Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.
Normally distributed traits are not necessarily biological, which Galton believed simply because many biological traits are normally distributed.
How did Sir Francis Galton purport to measure differences in abilities?
a: A paper and pencil exam
b: He was not interested in examining differences across people
c: Using multiple physiological measures
d: Using one measure of perceptual discrepancy.
c: Using multiple physiological measures
Galton’s measurements of characteristics (e.g., hair and eye color) as well as perceptual abilities (e.g., weight discrimination tasks) are known as physiological measurements.
Galton’s measurements predicted academic success.
true or false
false
Galton’s measurements did not correspond with school performance.
Galton collected data from many patrons and found that most characteristics cluster around some value, but also have variability that is known as the _________.
a: mean
b: median
c: standard deviation
d: intelligence
c standard deviation
C
Standard deviation measures the typical amount of variability there is in a characteristics around that characteristic’s mean (average) value.
what is the conclusion in galton’s tests? but…
Galton’s tests were not predictive of performance in school, suggesting that the tests do not measure intelligence.
• Theory resulted in discovery that intelligence is normally distributed
although, as we shall see, the idea that there may be physiological measures of intelligence has re-emerged with neuroscience and new technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imagery
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon defined intelligence as
he ability to “judge well, to comprehend well, to reason well.” They developed tests of attention, memory, imagination, reasoning, common sense, and abstraction
what are the three basic abilities found by Binet and Simon?
Direction
Adaptation
Criticism
What means direction selon binet and simon?
is the ability to know what to do and how to do it
what means adaptation to binet and simon?
is the ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress (notice Aristotle’s distinction at work).
what means criticism to binet and simon?
is the ability to step back and find errors in one’s thinking.
what relalized binet based on intelligence and age? what tests did he do based on that?
Binet realized that intelligence developed with age, so he created a scale based on this insight. Children of ages four, six, eight, and ten were given tests to determine tasks that an average child of that age could perform.
what is mental age?
accordinf to binet and simon, one’s mental age indicates the average age of children who can solve the set of problems that a particular child is capable of solving
Binet and Simon developed a test to help …………..
predict academic performance and direct resources where they were most needed.
what is chronological age?
this is the number of years someone has lived since their birth
how to calculate the IQ? made by whom?
(mental age/ chronological age) X 100
Terman
Ability to know what to do and how to do it
Direction, Adaptation, or Criticism
direction
(Direction, Adaptation, or Criticism)
Ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress
adaptation
(Direction, Adaptation, or Criticism)
Ability to step back and find errors in one’s thinking
Criticism
Sonja, a four-year-old girl, participated in a series of tests designed to measure her intelligence. Initially, the tests were quite simple, but they became more difficult as the tests progressed. Because Sonja was able to answer questions that an average seven-year-old can answer, she was given a mental age of seven. It is most likely these tests were inspired by the work of _______.
A) Galton
b) Binet
c) Aristotle
d) Tulving
B
Alfred Binet worked within the French school system to develop tests like those Sonja took to determine her level of intelligence.
As part of entrance to La Cueva elementary school, all children participate in a standardized IQ test so that the school can know where they should be placed and how to direct resources. It is most likely that the school will use some form of ________.
a: Galton’s IQ test
b: Stanford-Binet test
c: adaptation test
d: a direction test
e: the Wechsler task
B- Standford Binet Test
Alfred Binet worked within the French school system to develop tests to help direct resources to students. Lewis Terman of Stanford University “Americanized” these tests, leading to the “Stanford-Binet” test.
If Juan’s chronological age is 10 and his mental age is 14, Terman’s model would estimate Juan’s IQ at ____.
140
Explanation
IQ is calculated as: mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. This results in 14 / 10 x 100 = 140.
You are participating in a game show with your friend, Sandra. In this game, she answers questions and you place bets based on how confident you are her answers are correct. The final question asks who created the first assessment of intelligence with physiological measures, and Sandra’s answer is Galton. Based on what you know about the history of intelligence assessment, you should?
a: not bet money; her answer is incorrect
b: only bet 50% on her answer, because you are pretty sure the answer is Stanford-Binet
c: bet all your money, and start planning your dream vacation
C- bet all your money
Galton introduced the first physiological tests of intelligence, while the Stanford-Binet test primarily focused on questions related to direction, adaptation, and criticism.
Match the scientist with their contribution to our scientific understanding of intelligence.
Galton, Binet, Terman
- Concept of normal distribution
- Demonstrated that validity of Stanford-Binet Test
- Measured intelligence across different age groups
Galton was the first to consider that intelligence might be normally distributed, while Binet developed testing procedures for children of a variety of ages. Terman verified the validity of Binet’s tests (resulting in the Stanford-Binet test).
there was a significant problem with the standford-binet test which was
By using the concepts of relative age, intelligence would appear to level off at the age of 16. This means that a person’s mental age stays constant while their chronological age still advances, so their IQ score will continue to go down over time, such that a 40-year-old person would be scored as significantly less intelligent than a 20-year-old person.
who developed a solution to the standford-binet problematic? and what was his solution?
David Wechsler
developed a solution to this problem by switching to deviation IQ. The test is administered to a large number of people, and an average score for the test is obtained. Individuals are then scored relative to the average score or mean for their age. Let’s say that the average score on the test is 100, and both the 20 year old and the 40 year old score 125 on the test. The average for both is 100, and both scored above this average, therefore both of them, regardless of their age, would have an IQ score of 125
the deviation IQ which is the oslution given by David wechsler is what?
wechsler’s solution to the problem of Terman’s method of measuring intelligence(IQ) that one’s IQ goes down with age.
wechsler replaced comparing mental age and chronological age with comparing one’s performance to the average score on a test for a large number of people. How one’s score deviated from this average score was used to calculate one’s IQ
According to the data shown in the normal distribution of IQ scores, the average IQ score is ___.
a: 70
b: 85
c: 100
d: 115
c : 100
The average IQ score is arbitrarily set at 100, which Wechsler took from the Stanford-Binet test. That is, when mental age and chronological age are equal, Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = 100
What was the primary problem with Terman’s calculation of mental intelligence?
a: It failed to account for actual age.
b: Norms were developed based on actual age.
c: IQ would level off at 16 and the value would decrease as one aged.
d: He did not measure a sufficient sample size when developing comparative norms.
c: IQ would level off at 16 and the value would decrease as one aged.
Because Terman and Binet were originally only focused on school-aged populations, the math involved in computing an IQ score did not work well for people over the age of 16.
Maia’s IQ was calculated using the formula developed by Terman, and the result was greater than 100. This indicates that _______________________.
a: Maia’s mental age is greater than her chronological age
b: Maia’s chronological age is greater than her mental age
c: Maia’s mental age and chronological age are the same
d: the IQ calculation was done incorrectly
A: Maia’s mental age is greater than her chronological age
IQ is calculated as: mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. Because Maia’s IQ score is greater than 100, her mental age must be greater than her chronological age for this to be possible.
the tests made by wechsler(WASI) have several advantages over previous tests like:
The first is they are unaffected by the age of the participant.
The second advantage of Wechsler tests is the use of a point system. In the Binet-style tests, all the questions were grouped according to age group—that is, the questions that a majority of 4 year olds can answer
The third advantage is the addition of the Performance IQ tests
Which of the following was not part of Wechsler’s method of calculating IQ?
a: Wechsler used the concept of deviation IQ.
b: He sampled a large number of persons to develop the average and standard deviation.
c: The concept is based on a normal distribution.
d: The concept required chronological age in its calculation.
D
Wechsler’s approach does not consider chronological age – it compares an individual’s score to those of others using a deviation approach.
What is an advantage of the WASI over other intelligence tests? (Select all that apply)
a
They are unaffected by the participant’s age
b
The are dependent on participant’s age
c
They use a point based system
d
They rely on projective measures
a
They are unaffected by the participant’s age
Explanation
You need to understand normal distributions to answer this question. 13.6% of people have an IQ between 70 and 85, and 34.1% of people have an IQ between 85 and 100. This pattern is mirrored for the ranges 115 to 130 and 100 to 115, respectively. Add these all together to discover that 95.4% of people fall in the range between 70 and 130 (or about 95%).
Based on Wechsler’s IQ test, what percentage of the population has an IQ below 100?
a
50%
b
68%
c
95%
d
99%
a
50%
Explanation
You need to understand normal distributions to answer this question, and that 100 is the average IQ score. 50% percent of the population is less than you if you’re exactly average, and 50% is better than you (this is the definition of being average).
Using Wechsler’s method of calculating deviation IQ is to ___.
explain
a
Take a person’s mental age and divide by 100.
b
Take a person mental age, divide by chronological age, and divide by 100.
c
Compute a person’s IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all others who have ever taken the test.
d
Compute a person’s IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all other people, their age, who have ever taken the test.
c
Compute a person’s IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all others who have ever taken the test.
Explanation
You need to understand normal distributions to answer this question, and what percent of a normal distribution each standard deviation away from the mean represents. 99% of the population falls within 3 standard deviations by definition, if intelligence is normally distributed.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using Wechsler’s method relative to the Binet-type measures?
a
Overall score was based on scores on different content areas
b
It took into account cultural differences of the test taker
c
The addition of performance IQ
d
It uses a point system rather than age
b
It took into account cultural differences of the test taker
Explanation
While the other three options are advantages of Wechsler’s intelligence tests, these tests can still be culturally biased.
Lenore tells you that her 10-year-old recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores. Lenore knows that her 10-year-old’s deviation IQ score was 130. This means that her 10-year-old ______________________.
a: is below average compared to other 10-year-olds
b: answered 130 questions correctly on the test
c: is above average for a 10-year-old
d: received a score you would expect from the average 13-year-old
c: is above average for a 10-year-old
Explanation
Deviation IQ scores are considered in terms of their relationship in a normal distribution. The average deviation IQ score is 100, which means Lenore’s child’s IQ of 130 is significantly above average.
The WAIS also contains several figural tests known as…………. and explain them…
performance tests
Instead of testing vocabulary or cultural knowledge, these tests are designed to assess an individual’s ability to detect non-obvious patterns and use them to answer a question. They are a standardized way of seeing how well people can “read between the lines.”
example of test as a performance test is
explain it
Raven’s progressive matrices-not a good one
This test is a classic non-verbal test used to measure intelligence. In this test, people are presented with a pattern or shape, and must then infer which of several options is correct. You can see several examples below. This particular test is considered useful for testing intelligence in such a way that language does not interfere with performance.
what is cognitive revolution?
this was a period in time during the 1950s when psychology underwent a significant revision in its defiition as a field and ina terms of its methods and preactices due to the influence of individuals such as Norm Chomsky and Jerome Bruner. It signaled the eclipse of the behaviorism as the dominant paradigm for psychology. Instead, psychologists came to emphasize the meaning of stimuli and the internal processing of that meaning in order to explain behaviour.
explain the concept of atkinson and schiffrin:
it explain the cognitive processing involved in memory
this model explained memory in terms of how information flowed between different types of processors (i.e., sensory, short-term, and long-term memory) and various methods of processing (i.e., selective attention, maintenance, and elaborative rehearsal).
The use of performance tests, such as Raven’s Progressive Matrices, over other traditional methods of measuring IQ is beneficial because __________________. (Select the best answer.)
a: it can be used across cultures and different languages
b: IQ can be assessed using paper and pencil
c: it allows the use of deviation scores
d: anyone can administer it
a: it can be used across cultures and different languages
Performance IQ tests have a key advantage: They do not rely on cultural or linguistic knowledge to be properly conducted.
Advances in measuring IQ plateaued with the Wechsler measures and they are not a primary focus in modern psychology.
a: True
b: False
False (B)
Research into perfecting intelligence tests continues today, especially in regard to making them valid cross-culturally.
Allania is taking a class on intelligence. Her professor generally takes a cognitive approach to intelligence. Based on what you know, you should tell Allania that the class will most likely include a focus on ________________________.
a
understanding intelligence by using information about how different environments influence development
b
understanding intelligence using data from experimental procedures and statistical analysis
c
understanding intelligence using flowcharts and conceptualizations of the mind (e.g., how memory is organized)
d
understanding intelligence using information about genetics, evolution, and biology (e.g., why humans evolved language)
c
understanding intelligence using flowcharts and conceptualizations of the mind (e.g., how memory is organized)
Explanation
Cognitive approaches to intelligence consider how people process information, and organize this information processing into flowcharts (such as the Atkinson & Shiffrin model).
Karandeep is participating in a test to assess her intelligence. She is told that instead of testing cultural knowledge, performance on these tests relies on her ability to detect patterns and use that information to answer questions. It is most probable that she is taking a ____________.
a
standard IQ test
b
performance tests in WAIS
c
deviation IQ test
d
RAT-II
b
performance tests in WAIS
Explanation
Performance IQ tests such as those on the WAIS are generally regarded as the least sensitive to cultural information.
What area of psychology developed out of the understanding of intelligence using flowcharts and conceptualizations of the mind (e.g., how memory is organized)?
a
Developmental
b
Experimental
c
Cognitive
d
Biological
c
Cognitive
Explanation
Cognitive psychology studies the flow of information in the human mind, including memory processes. Cognitive views of intelligence view intelligence as the flow of information.
Select all statements that apply to the Multi Store Model by Atkinson and Shiffrin.
Multiple answers:
Multiple answers are accepted for this question
a
It conceptualizes memory storage.
b
It uses flowcharts to conceptualize mental processing.
c
The model is too simplified to use in the conceptualization of computer models.
d
Flowcharts do not adequately capture the complexity of mental processes.
a
It conceptualizes memory storage.
b
It uses flowcharts to conceptualize mental processing.
Explanation
The Multi Store Model conceptualizes memory storage, and uses flowcharts to illustrate how information passes between stores. Similar models are often used for computers.
explain the idea of Nettelbeck and Lalley
proposed that a good way to measure intelligence was to measure how quickly an individual could identify which of two lines was longer. The idea is that this is a simple task that anyone can do, and therefore the only difference between people will be how quickly they can do it. This is known as inspection time-processing speed of humans
what proposed arthur jensen?
He proposed that intelligence was the speed of neuronal conduction—that is, how quickly neurons transmit information. Jensen’s hypothesis is based on the plausible conjecture that intelligence is based on how fast neurons could transmit information, because an increase in neuronal conduction might be analogous to how computers have become more powerful as their processing speed has increased
explain the test choice reaction time
a method proposed by jensen for measuring intelligence by indirectly measuring nerve conductance speed by directly measuring processing speed
what found jensen during his choice reaction time with people?
found that individuals with a higher IQ score were faster at choice reaction tasks than participants with lower IQs.
However, once again, these results were challenged. Further studies found that the correlation was reduced by changing the size of the buttons, the number of buttons, and the visual angle of the display
what is componential analysis? by made robert sternberg
studiying medecine by determining how complex problems are solved bt breaking the complex problems down into their simpler component problems
Sternberg’s work revealed several types of components in the analogy task, such as
encoding the information, inferring relations, mapping relations, and applying the mapped relations.
what encoding the information means?
means creating representations of the elements of the analogy that connect to stored information
What Sternberg’s work did was to reveal something that speed of processing measures did not reveal. His work showed that
more intelligent people took longer to encode the problem and to come up with a general strategy for it. More intelligent people concentrate their effort on formulating a problem well, and while this initially slows them down, it speeds them up overall (i.e., they are faster at producing an answer than individuals who rush through the problem formulation).
Eileen is trying to understand how human beings navigate a maze by programming a computer to learn the task. To do this, she should _________________. Select all that apply.
Multiple answers:
a
break the problem down into smaller components that have to be solved in order to solve the larger problem
b
understand how solving mazes relates to general measures of IQ
c
reverse engineer the problem
d
perform componential analysis
a,c,d
Explanation
Humans tend to solve problems through reverse engineering and componential analysis (the definition of this term is also an option above). IQ may impact a person’s problem-solving ability, but it is less relevant for Eileen’s task of programming a computer.
Julio is a graduate student at Prestigious U. He plans on studying intelligence and wants to use reaction time as one of his dependent measures. If you are advising Julio, what should you tell him about his outcome measure?
a
Reaction times are strongly linked to traditional measures of IQ.
b
Inspection tasks are more strongly correlated with IQ than choice reaction time.
c
Correlations between reaction time and traditional measures of intelligence are relatively weak.
d
Intelligence can be assessed by measuring reaction times.
c
Correlations between reaction time and traditional measures of intelligence are relatively weak.
Explanation
Evidence suggests that reaction time measures of intelligence are not the most valid to use – they correlate with traditional measures of intelligence, but only weakly
Which of the following is true regarding measures of reaction time?
a
There is a strong positive correlation with reaction time and IQ
b
There is a weak positive correlation between reaction time and IQ
c
There is a weak negative correlation between reaction time and IQ
d
There is a strong negative correlation between reaction time and IQ
c
There is a weak negative correlation between reaction time and IQ
Explanation
Evidence suggests that reaction time measures of intelligence are not the most valid to use – they correlate with traditional measures of intelligence, but only weakly.
Beth was participating in a task where she was asked to make quick decisions on a computer. One question asked her to decide which of two lines is longer. The researcher is most likely interested in her ___________.
a
inspection time
b
forced intervention time
c
forced reaction time
d
choice reaction time
a
inspection time
Explanation
The sort of task where Beth must select the longer of two lines is called an inspection time task.
Which of the following testing methods measures the speed of processing? Select all that apply.
Multiple answers:
a
Inspection time
b
Forced intervention time
c
Forced reaction time
d
Choice reaction time
a,d
Explanation
Inspection time and choice reaction time tasks measure speed of processing.
Jensen made use of which operationalization of processing speed?
a
Inspection time
b
Forced intervention time
c
Forced reaction time
d
Choice reaction time
d
Explanation
Jensen was interested in how quickly participants could select which button to push that corresponded to a light in a display. This is called a choice reaction time task.
Remember that Binet and Simon’s intelligence test was designed to
help educators decide which classes and programs schoolchildren should be allowed to take. This could have an enormous impact on a child’s educational experience and, therefore, the rest of their life.
eugenics is what?
a philosophical argument that seeks to improve human society by encouraging reproduction by people with desirble qualities(positive eugenics) and discouraging reproduction by people with undesireble qualities (geative eugenics)
where eugenics became popular?
United States
who is considered the founder of the eugenics movement and was advocated by…?
Sir Francis Galton
terman
what does imply eugenics? definition
Eugenics is the idea that different races and different socioeconomic classes naturally have differences in intelligence, and that governments should encourage the “superior” races and classes to reproduce while preventing the “lower” races and classes from reproducing
social darwinism is
it was often expressed by the idea of the sruvival of the fittest in which those on the top of a social hierarchi derved to be there because they were the most fit while those at the bottom deserved to be there because they were less fiit.
Herbert Spencer to apply Darwin’s theory of evolution to the relations between socioeconomic classes and different nationalities and races of people.
The theory also assumed that societies evolve like organisms, and this is a questionable assumption, since societies do not seem to reproduce or die the way organisms do.
Social Darwinism relied on the idea that
one group is superior to another
Terman believed the white people of European ancestry had
the highest intelligence, especially if they were in the upper classes of society
Terman thought he had good evidence for this claim, for when he applied his tests to non-white ethnicities he inevitably came up with lower scores for the individuals he tested. Terman believed that these people should be steered into lower status and more menial jobs
He also argued that people of low IQ should be sterilized, without their consent. to prevent them from reproducing and thereby increasing the number of individuals with low intelligence.
the eugenics movement was a major influence on the development of
Nazism
Why did Terman get the results that he did?
One important factor is that many of the individuals that he tested did not understand English well or at all, and that affected their performance on the test. In addition, many of them had little knowledge of American culture, which also reduced their score on the test.
Terman assumed that his test only measured intelligence and was not affected by
language and cultural knwoledge
flaws in terman’s ideologie?
Scores on various portions of intelligence tests likely reflected the test taker’s socioeconomic status as opposed to their innate intelligence.
confounding variables
re variables that affect scores but are not accounted for when explaining relationships between variables
what is stereotype threat?
refers to the risk of confirming negative expectations about one’s own social group
The theory of stereotype threat is based on research demonstrating that when people are taking such tests, they feel pressure to not provide evidence supporting negative stereotypes of the group to which they belong
what is mindset?
a mental structure of representations, attitudes and interpretations that affects how one evaluates information and thereby responds to situation.
as one’s mindset can have a powerful effect on our performance
Girls are often told that boys are better at math. Prior to taking an achievement test, female students were told that their scores were important because it was important for the school to show that there were no differences in mathematical ability across genders. How would this likely affect the performance of female students?
a
Scores would be unaffected by the information.
b
Scores of female students would decrease relative to males.
c
Scores of female students would be better than those of the male students.
d
This topic has never been empirically tested.
b
Scores of female students would decrease relative to males.
Explanation
This question describes the concept of stereotype threat in action. Because there is a cultural stereotype that boys are better at math, girls who are made aware of the relevance of their gender to the test will perform worse.
Girls are often told that boys are naturally better at math. Prior to taking an achievement test, female students were told that their scores were important because the school needed to demonstrate that there were no differences in mathematical ability between genders. The concept of _____________ explains why females performance would decrease when reminded of the stereotype prior to taking a test.
stereotype threat
Explanation
The phenomenon in question is stereotype threat. Girls who are made aware of the relevance of their gender to the test tend to perform worse as the stereotype that “boys are better at math” is activated.
The movement to try to improve humanity by sterilizing people of low intelligence was known as ________.
a
genetics
b
eugenics
c
biological preparedness
d
stereotyping
b
eugenics
Explanation
The eugenics movement was a movement based on pseudoscientific ideas about the relationships between genetics, intelligence, race, and socioeconomic class.
Imagine you are in a class and your instructor has asked you to write a paper on eugenics. If you wanted to discuss the flaws with this model, which arguments would you want to make?
a
Social Darwinism is a better way of explaining the origin of intelligence.
b
There is not a correlation between traits that predict IQ and physical characteristics like skin color, which evolved much later.
c
Data suggests that people who make more money are always smarter than people who make less money.
d
Eugenics is based on a skewed distribution and an irregular standard deviation. The statistics used are flawed.
b
There is not a correlation between traits that predict IQ and physical characteristics like skin color, which evolved much later.
Explanation
Intelligence is unrelated to socially constructed notions of race/ethnicity and genetic traits such as skin color. The other answers are all false or irrelevant.
The racial difference in IQ score may reflect what factors other than intelligence? Select all that apply.
Multiple answers:
a
Stereotype threat
b
Mindset
c
Statistical mismeasurement
a
Stereotype threat
b
Mindset
Explanation
The statistics involved in these sorts of measurements are correct, but phenomena such as mindset and stereotype are likely to lower individuals’ performance on IQ tests.
Select all of the following statements that are true about eugenics.
Multiple answers:
a
The eugenics movement was short-lived in the U.S.
b
Some U.S. states continued to practice eugenics into the 1960s.
c
American citizens were legally sterilized if viewed as feeble-minded or promiscuous.
d
During the eugenics movement‚ thousands of Americans were legally sterilized without consent.
b,c,d
Explanation
The United States had a strong eugenics movement that lasted far longer than many are aware, as evidenced by the answers above.
Do you believe that intelligence is malleable?
yes
Explanation
As evidence related to mindset suggests, a person’s belief about the malleability of intelligence can often determine how well they perform on intelligence tests. People who answer “no” often avoid tackling tough problems as they do not believe it is possible for their intelligence to improve over time.
The movement to try to improve humanity by sterilizing people of low intelligence was known as _________.
eugenics
Explanation
The eugenics movement valued some human lives above others, and was used as a justification for racist, classist, sexist, and ableist views.
what is mindfulness?
Paying attention to how one is paying attention to and thereby interpreting situations. It often requires a suspension of inner speech and inferential processing so that attention can be directed to what one is finding salient in one’s current experience. it can be trained by meditative nd contemplative practices
true or false?
practices such as meditation can change working memory function and attention and thereby change intelligence scores
true
In addition, mindfulness practices can resist ……………
the decline in intelligence that comes with age and improve brain function associated with intelligence
what is rationality?
the ability to overcome self-deception in one’s reasoning and problem-solving. It is not simply the same as being logical. it involves being able to recognize and counteract the effect of bias on one’s cognition.
The concept that intelligence is malleable means that intelligence level can change.
true or false?
true
Explanation
“Malleable” means “shapeable” or “changeable” – so yes, the answer is TRUE.
what is the selection effect?
the skewing of data so that it does not represent the world accurately. selection effects are often due to biased selection of data.
Basically, any difference in mathematical abilities across gender is suspect if males with low skill sets are excluded from the sample (and low-performing females are included in the sample because of lower dropout rates).
Which of the following statements are true regarding gender and intelligence? Select all that apply.
Multiple answers:
a
Women and men vary on overall level of intelligence.
b
Women and men do not vary on overall level of intelligence.
c
Men score better than women on visuospatial tasks.
d
Women score better than men on verbal abilities.
e
No differences exist in the different component areas.
b,c,d
Explanation
There is no evidence for an overall difference in intelligence when comparing men and women, though there is minor evidence for gender differences on measures of math and verbal abilities. Even for these differences however, there are skeptics.
Jack is looking at Anne, but Anne is looking at George. Jack is married, but George is not. Is a married person looking at an unmarried person?
yes
Explanation
Anne is the only person whose marital status is unknown. If she is married, then she is looking at George and a married person is looking at an unmarried person. If she is unmarried, then Jack (a married person) is looking at her. In either case, “YES” – a married person is looking at an unmarried person.
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?
a
$0.20
b
$0.01
c
$0.05
d
$0.10
c
Explanation
If the bat costs $1 more than the ball, the ball costs $0.05 and the bat costs $1.05.
Imagine that XYZ viral syndrome is a serious condition that affects one person in 1,000. Imagine also that the test to diagnose the disease always indicates correctly that a person who has the XYZ virus actually has it. Finally, suppose that this test occasionally misidentifies a healthy individual as having XYZ. The test has a false-positive rate of 5%, meaning that the test wrongly indicates that the XYZ virus is present in 5 percent of the cases where the person does not have the virus.
Next, we choose a person at random and administer the test, and the person tests positive for XYZ syndrome. Assuming we know nothing else about that individual’s medical history, what is the probability (expressed as a percentage ranging from zero to 100) that the individual really has XYZ?
a
95%
b
90%
c
85%
d
5%
e
2%
d
This question illustrates a logical error that many people – even very intelligent people – make called “base rate neglect”. The answer is far lower than most would assume (2%).
An experiment is conducted to test the efficacy of a new medical treatment. This 2x2 matrix summarizes the results. As you can see, 200 patients were given the experimental treatment and improved; 75 were given the treatment and did not improve; 50 were not given the treatment and improved; and 15 were not given the treatment and did not improve. Before reading ahead, answer this question with a yes or no: Was the treatment effective?
no
To answer this question, we must compare the proportion of people who are given the treatment who improve to the proportion of people who are not given the treatment who improve. A larger proportion of people improve who are not given the treatment (50/65) compared to the proportion of people who improve that are given the treatment (200/275).
Rationality seems to be more dependent on whether one has learned a particular style called active open-mindedness Rationality seems to be more dependent on whether one has learned a particular style called ……………
active open-mindedness
what is an active open-midedness?
the thinking disposition in which one sensitizes oneself to look for and be more aware of bias in one’s thinking and reasoning, and one cultivates habits of counteracting those biases
For example, the confirmation bias refers to the fact that people tend to only look for information that confirms their beliefs, but an actively openminded person is aware of this and has trained themselves to notice when they are doing this and actively counteracts it by looking for disconfirming evidence for a chosen belief. Rationality is therefore highly malleable.
what found Charles Spearman with schoolchildren and their grades?
For example, if a student was above average in one subject, they tended to perform above average in their other classes, just as below-average performance could be found across various academic topics in other students.
what is factor analysis?
is the use of statistical measures to determine how much variables are related to each other in order to find clusters called “factors.
When determining the degree of relatedness, inter-item correlations are used. When items have high correlation coefficients (high correlations are considered those that are closest to a correlation coefficient of 1.0), it is concluded ………..
that the items are measuring a similar concept.
who created the g factor ?
Spearman
Spearman hypothesized that intelligence is made up of two levels.
The higher level is an ability that you can apply to any content area. The lower level of intelligence refers to a more specialized version of this general ability. The lower-level abilities can only be applied to more limited content areas
Spearman’s (1923) second proposal was that g reflected the mental energy available throughout the whole cortex. The idea was that more intelligent people had more energy to devote to mental tasks and could therefore perform more difficult mental tasks.
true
louis thurstone concluded that intelligences is made up of ….
7 factors
When researching intelligence, who developed the notion of general cognitive ability or g?
spearman
Jacob has just attained a fairly low score on a test designed to measure his reasoning. Based on Thurstone’s theory of intelligences, when Jacob takes a test designed to measure his perceptual speed, you can predict that ________________________.
his score on the perceptual speed test will be independent of his reasoning test score
Explanation
Thurstone believed that there were different classes of mental abilities. He believed that perceptual speed and reasoning test scores were unrelated, as they measured different mental abilities.
One explanation of general intelligence is explained by the concept of ________, when a person can focus on and assess a situation.
apprehension
Explanation
Apprehension is defined as how well a person is able to focus on and assess a situation; this is thought to be related to Spearman’s “g”.
With regard to general cognitive abilities (g), what is factor analysis?
Explanation
Factor analysis tries to group scores on individual tests into categories of tests – looking for clusters of related abilities.
Both Spearman and Thurstone used what statistical method?
factor analysis
Factor analysis attempts to combine performance on tests to look for overall factors. Spearman believed there was an general factor, “g”, while Thurstone thought there were seven primary mental abilities that could not be grouped together further.
Thurstone believed that there were ______ components to intelligence.
7
