Chapter 10(cours 2,3) Flashcards
intelligence was originaly defined as
ability to discern true or important information from false or unimportant information(modern-to read between the lines)
what is self-enhancement bias?
the tendency to judge one’s performance as better than the average without any evidence of special expertise or training
give examples of what can cause lower intellectual functioning
fetal alcohol syndrome
birth trauma
severe child abuse
genetic and chromosomal disorder( down’S syndrome, fragile X syndrome, PKU)
Aristotle distinguished between two dimensions of behavioral flexibility which are
- Practical wisdom: application of knowledge; reasoning
2. Theoretical wisdom: understanding objective truth; science
the importance of the ability to learn from ……….. and to adapt to ……………
experience
changes in the environment
now, intelligence is defined as
the ability to gain knowledge by learning and solving problems. If you are more intelligent, you will gain your skills and theories more effectively than someone with lower intelligence.
jams flynn stated that
average scores on IQ tests were increasing over time—a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect
Three main explanations have developed to identify the precise cause(s) of the apparent change in IQ scores over time
- Overall improvement in nutrition and medical care-which results in significant positive effects on the healthy development of the brain and cognitive abilities
- Improvements in education- the importance of abstract thinking, the necessity of scientific reasoning and classification, and the focus on logical and mathematical analysis.
- Increased environmental complexity via technology
According to Flynn, which of the following are correct? Select all that apply.
a: Using current norms‚ the average IQ for those three generations back is 70.
b: Using early norms (from three prior generations)‚ the current average IQ is 130.
c: Using current norms‚ an IQ of 70 is considered the cutoff for intellectual disability.
d: Using current norms‚ an IQ of 130 is considered the cutoff for giftedness.
e: Three generations ago‚ the majority of people were intellectually disabled.
A,B,C,D
Intellectual disability is diagnosed using both a person’s IQ score and their ability to adapt to the world around them – the average person three generations ago could certainly do that.
Using concrete and abstract thinking processes, what would a crow and a fish have in common? (Concrete thinking, abstract Thinking)
They are both living organisms
They both have eyes
Concrete- They both have eyes
Abstract - They are both living organisms
Concrete thinking considers basic, physical properties like “having eyes” while abstract thinking considers meaningful relationships and other higher order features like category membership (e.g., “is a living thing”.)
According to Flynn, in today’s world we do much more __________ thinking, whereas Luria found that in the early 1900s, people used ________ thinking.
a: abstract; concrete
b: concrete, abstract
c: fluid; fixed
d: dynamic; stagnant
A abstract, concrete
Flynn argued that people today must think more abstractly than in years past to accomplish day-to-day tasks, while in Luria’s day, most day-to-day tasks were very concrete.
According to Flynn, which of the following statements is NOT correct?
a: Today 35% of persons have cognitively demanding jobs, which is a massive increase from 3% in the early 1900s.
b: The number of years of education has dramatically increased.
c: Today, students are tested with more hypothetical questions that require the use of theoretical concepts.
d: We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge
D
We have made equal strides on all fronts to increase knowledge
Flynn discusses a trend toward reading less history, literature, and information about foreign lands in the modern world, indicating a preference for technical and abstract knowledge over historical and political knowledge.
francis galton focused on measuring varied abilities of people using
empirical methods to ensure precise assessment
He hypothesized that one’s general cognitive ability (g) was the product of heredity, and believed that intelligence was related to how well one uses one’s senses.
• Believed that multiple physiological measures predict intelligence
what tests did francis galton?
weight discrimination(the ability to notice small differences in weight)
pitch sensitivity (the ability to notice differences in pitch)
what found francis galton based on his statistics?
Galton plotted the results of each measure and found that each ability formed a normal distribution like many other characteristics of behavior. In a normal distribution, most of the results are found around some central values
So, for example, if we measured the heights of 100 men, we would find that most of our results would be heights of 5’9”, 5’10”, 5’11”, and 6’. We would find far fewer results of values that are lower or higher than these four values, and the farther we go below or above these central values the rarer the results become
Imagine you are asked to write a brief essay on the flaws in Galton’s approach to intelligence. Which of the following would be a justifiable argument?
a: Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.
b: There is no data whatsoever to suggest that there is a biological component to intelligence.
c: There are flaws with a normally distributed curve.
d: None of the traits Galton studied would create a normal distribution today.
a: Although many biological features are normally distributed, it is poor logic to assume that normally distributed traits are necessarily biologically innate.
Normally distributed traits are not necessarily biological, which Galton believed simply because many biological traits are normally distributed.
How did Sir Francis Galton purport to measure differences in abilities?
a: A paper and pencil exam
b: He was not interested in examining differences across people
c: Using multiple physiological measures
d: Using one measure of perceptual discrepancy.
c: Using multiple physiological measures
Galton’s measurements of characteristics (e.g., hair and eye color) as well as perceptual abilities (e.g., weight discrimination tasks) are known as physiological measurements.
Galton’s measurements predicted academic success.
true or false
false
Galton’s measurements did not correspond with school performance.
Galton collected data from many patrons and found that most characteristics cluster around some value, but also have variability that is known as the _________.
a: mean
b: median
c: standard deviation
d: intelligence
c standard deviation
C
Standard deviation measures the typical amount of variability there is in a characteristics around that characteristic’s mean (average) value.
what is the conclusion in galton’s tests? but…
Galton’s tests were not predictive of performance in school, suggesting that the tests do not measure intelligence.
• Theory resulted in discovery that intelligence is normally distributed
although, as we shall see, the idea that there may be physiological measures of intelligence has re-emerged with neuroscience and new technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imagery
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon defined intelligence as
he ability to “judge well, to comprehend well, to reason well.” They developed tests of attention, memory, imagination, reasoning, common sense, and abstraction
what are the three basic abilities found by Binet and Simon?
Direction
Adaptation
Criticism
What means direction selon binet and simon?
is the ability to know what to do and how to do it
what means adaptation to binet and simon?
is the ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress (notice Aristotle’s distinction at work).
what means criticism to binet and simon?
is the ability to step back and find errors in one’s thinking.
what relalized binet based on intelligence and age? what tests did he do based on that?
Binet realized that intelligence developed with age, so he created a scale based on this insight. Children of ages four, six, eight, and ten were given tests to determine tasks that an average child of that age could perform.
what is mental age?
accordinf to binet and simon, one’s mental age indicates the average age of children who can solve the set of problems that a particular child is capable of solving
Binet and Simon developed a test to help …………..
predict academic performance and direct resources where they were most needed.
what is chronological age?
this is the number of years someone has lived since their birth
how to calculate the IQ? made by whom?
(mental age/ chronological age) X 100
Terman
Ability to know what to do and how to do it
Direction, Adaptation, or Criticism
direction
(Direction, Adaptation, or Criticism)
Ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress
adaptation
(Direction, Adaptation, or Criticism)
Ability to step back and find errors in one’s thinking
Criticism
Sonja, a four-year-old girl, participated in a series of tests designed to measure her intelligence. Initially, the tests were quite simple, but they became more difficult as the tests progressed. Because Sonja was able to answer questions that an average seven-year-old can answer, she was given a mental age of seven. It is most likely these tests were inspired by the work of _______.
A) Galton
b) Binet
c) Aristotle
d) Tulving
B
Alfred Binet worked within the French school system to develop tests like those Sonja took to determine her level of intelligence.
As part of entrance to La Cueva elementary school, all children participate in a standardized IQ test so that the school can know where they should be placed and how to direct resources. It is most likely that the school will use some form of ________.
a: Galton’s IQ test
b: Stanford-Binet test
c: adaptation test
d: a direction test
e: the Wechsler task
B- Standford Binet Test
Alfred Binet worked within the French school system to develop tests to help direct resources to students. Lewis Terman of Stanford University “Americanized” these tests, leading to the “Stanford-Binet” test.
If Juan’s chronological age is 10 and his mental age is 14, Terman’s model would estimate Juan’s IQ at ____.
140
Explanation
IQ is calculated as: mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. This results in 14 / 10 x 100 = 140.
You are participating in a game show with your friend, Sandra. In this game, she answers questions and you place bets based on how confident you are her answers are correct. The final question asks who created the first assessment of intelligence with physiological measures, and Sandra’s answer is Galton. Based on what you know about the history of intelligence assessment, you should?
a: not bet money; her answer is incorrect
b: only bet 50% on her answer, because you are pretty sure the answer is Stanford-Binet
c: bet all your money, and start planning your dream vacation
C- bet all your money
Galton introduced the first physiological tests of intelligence, while the Stanford-Binet test primarily focused on questions related to direction, adaptation, and criticism.
Match the scientist with their contribution to our scientific understanding of intelligence.
Galton, Binet, Terman
- Concept of normal distribution
- Demonstrated that validity of Stanford-Binet Test
- Measured intelligence across different age groups
Galton was the first to consider that intelligence might be normally distributed, while Binet developed testing procedures for children of a variety of ages. Terman verified the validity of Binet’s tests (resulting in the Stanford-Binet test).
there was a significant problem with the standford-binet test which was
By using the concepts of relative age, intelligence would appear to level off at the age of 16. This means that a person’s mental age stays constant while their chronological age still advances, so their IQ score will continue to go down over time, such that a 40-year-old person would be scored as significantly less intelligent than a 20-year-old person.
who developed a solution to the standford-binet problematic? and what was his solution?
David Wechsler
developed a solution to this problem by switching to deviation IQ. The test is administered to a large number of people, and an average score for the test is obtained. Individuals are then scored relative to the average score or mean for their age. Let’s say that the average score on the test is 100, and both the 20 year old and the 40 year old score 125 on the test. The average for both is 100, and both scored above this average, therefore both of them, regardless of their age, would have an IQ score of 125
the deviation IQ which is the oslution given by David wechsler is what?
wechsler’s solution to the problem of Terman’s method of measuring intelligence(IQ) that one’s IQ goes down with age.
wechsler replaced comparing mental age and chronological age with comparing one’s performance to the average score on a test for a large number of people. How one’s score deviated from this average score was used to calculate one’s IQ
According to the data shown in the normal distribution of IQ scores, the average IQ score is ___.
a: 70
b: 85
c: 100
d: 115
c : 100
The average IQ score is arbitrarily set at 100, which Wechsler took from the Stanford-Binet test. That is, when mental age and chronological age are equal, Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = 100
What was the primary problem with Terman’s calculation of mental intelligence?
a: It failed to account for actual age.
b: Norms were developed based on actual age.
c: IQ would level off at 16 and the value would decrease as one aged.
d: He did not measure a sufficient sample size when developing comparative norms.
c: IQ would level off at 16 and the value would decrease as one aged.
Because Terman and Binet were originally only focused on school-aged populations, the math involved in computing an IQ score did not work well for people over the age of 16.
Maia’s IQ was calculated using the formula developed by Terman, and the result was greater than 100. This indicates that _______________________.
a: Maia’s mental age is greater than her chronological age
b: Maia’s chronological age is greater than her mental age
c: Maia’s mental age and chronological age are the same
d: the IQ calculation was done incorrectly
A: Maia’s mental age is greater than her chronological age
IQ is calculated as: mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. Because Maia’s IQ score is greater than 100, her mental age must be greater than her chronological age for this to be possible.
the tests made by wechsler(WASI) have several advantages over previous tests like:
The first is they are unaffected by the age of the participant.
The second advantage of Wechsler tests is the use of a point system. In the Binet-style tests, all the questions were grouped according to age group—that is, the questions that a majority of 4 year olds can answer
The third advantage is the addition of the Performance IQ tests
Which of the following was not part of Wechsler’s method of calculating IQ?
a: Wechsler used the concept of deviation IQ.
b: He sampled a large number of persons to develop the average and standard deviation.
c: The concept is based on a normal distribution.
d: The concept required chronological age in its calculation.
D
Wechsler’s approach does not consider chronological age – it compares an individual’s score to those of others using a deviation approach.
What is an advantage of the WASI over other intelligence tests? (Select all that apply)
a
They are unaffected by the participant’s age
b
The are dependent on participant’s age
c
They use a point based system
d
They rely on projective measures
a
They are unaffected by the participant’s age
Explanation
You need to understand normal distributions to answer this question. 13.6% of people have an IQ between 70 and 85, and 34.1% of people have an IQ between 85 and 100. This pattern is mirrored for the ranges 115 to 130 and 100 to 115, respectively. Add these all together to discover that 95.4% of people fall in the range between 70 and 130 (or about 95%).
Based on Wechsler’s IQ test, what percentage of the population has an IQ below 100?
a
50%
b
68%
c
95%
d
99%
a
50%
Explanation
You need to understand normal distributions to answer this question, and that 100 is the average IQ score. 50% percent of the population is less than you if you’re exactly average, and 50% is better than you (this is the definition of being average).
Using Wechsler’s method of calculating deviation IQ is to ___.
explain
a
Take a person’s mental age and divide by 100.
b
Take a person mental age, divide by chronological age, and divide by 100.
c
Compute a person’s IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all others who have ever taken the test.
d
Compute a person’s IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all other people, their age, who have ever taken the test.
c
Compute a person’s IQ by comparing their performance to performance of all others who have ever taken the test.
Explanation
You need to understand normal distributions to answer this question, and what percent of a normal distribution each standard deviation away from the mean represents. 99% of the population falls within 3 standard deviations by definition, if intelligence is normally distributed.
