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Psychology 2035 > Chapter 4 - Coping Processes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Coping Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is coping?

A

The efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress

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2
Q

What is a most adaptive strategy in terms of coping?

A

Using a variety of coping mechanisms

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3
Q

What is the ability to use multiple coping strategies called?

A

Coping flexibility

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4
Q

How do coping strategies vary?

A

In their adaptive value. They can range from helpful to counterproductive, and this depends on the exact nature of the situation

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5
Q

What are the four important groupings of coping mechanisms (1)?

A

Problem focused vs. emotion focused coping

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6
Q

(2)

A

Engagement vs. disengagement coping

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7
Q

(3)

A

Meaning focused coping

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8
Q

(4)

A

Proactive coping

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9
Q

What are five common coping patterns that are of limited value?

A

Giving up, aggression, self-indulgence, self blame and defence mechanisms

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10
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

A passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

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11
Q

What is a potential danger of the tendency to give up?

A

This can be transferred to situations that the person is not really helpless

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12
Q

What does Seligman’s model propose about learned helplessness?

A

People’s cognitive interpretation of aversive events determines whether they develop learned helplessness (it seems to occur when they believe events are beyond their control)

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13
Q

What is the giving up coping strategy referred to as?

A

Behavioural disengagement

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14
Q

When is giving up considered adaptive?

A

When faced with unattainable goals

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15
Q

What is aggression?

A

Any behaviour intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally

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16
Q

What type of emotion frequently elicits aggression?

A

Frustration

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17
Q

What is displaced aggression?

A

When you don’t release frustration in the moment, but release it later on some annoyance in an unrelated situation

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18
Q

How can behaving aggressively be adaptive according to Freud?

A

It could get pent-up emotion out of one’s system

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19
Q

What does the term catharsis refer to?

A

The release of emotional tension

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20
Q

What has research proposed about the adaptive nature of aggression?

A

Behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression

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21
Q

What is the problem with viewing violent media?

A

Exposure desensitizes people to violent acts and encourages aggressive self-views and automatic aggressive responses an increases feelings of hostility

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22
Q

What can self indulgence in response to stress also be considered?

A

Developing alternative rewards as a common response to stress

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23
Q

What is internet addiction?

A

Consists of spending an inordinate amount of time on the Internet and an inability to control online use

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24
Q

How can self-indulgence be characterizes as either maladaptive or adaptive a s coping mechanism for stress?

A

It has marginal value, but poses risks if used too frequently

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25
Q

What do people tend to do when confronted with stress (especially frustration and pressure)?

A

They become highly self-critical, and demonstrate a typical response of unrealistically negative self evaluation

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26
Q

What three things do people do when practicing negative self talk (1)?

A

Unreasonably attribute their failures to personal shortcomings

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27
Q

(2)

A

Focus on negative feedback from others while ignoring favourable feedback

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28
Q

(3)

A

Make unduly pessimistic projections about the future

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29
Q

How productive is self blame as a coping strategy?

A

Extremely counterproductive

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30
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Largely unconscious reaction that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

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31
Q

What do defence mechanisms defend against?

A

Shield the individual from the emotional discomfort elicited by stress, especially anxiety

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32
Q

How do defence mechanisms work?

A

Through self deception, they accomplish their goals by distorting reality so it does not appear so threatening

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33
Q

Are defence mechanisms conscious or unconscious?

A

They operate at varying levels of awareness and can be conscious or unconscious

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34
Q

Are defence mechanisms normal?

A

Yes! Most people use defines mechanisms on a fairly regular basis

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35
Q

In what three ways are defence mechanisms poor ways of coping (1)?

A

Defensive coping is an avoidance strategy, and avoidance rarely provides a genuine solution to problems

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36
Q

(2)

A

Defences such as denial, fantasy, and projection represent “wishful thinking”, which is likely to accomplish little

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37
Q

(3)

A

Defensive coping style has been related to poor health, in part because it often leads people to delay facing up to their problems

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38
Q

What is the overall conclusion about defence mechanisms and defensive “illusions”?

A

Extreme self-deceptions are maladaptive, but small illusions may often be beneficial

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39
Q

What is constructive coping?

A

The efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful

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40
Q

What five themes are involved in constructive coping (1)?

A

Constructive coping involves confronting problems directly

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41
Q

(2)

A

Constructive coping takes effort

42
Q

(3)

A

Constructive coping is based on reasonably realistic appraisals of your stress and coping resources

43
Q

(4)

A

Constructive coping involves learning to recognize and manage potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress

44
Q

(5)

A

Constructive coping involves learning to exert some control over potentially harmful or destructive habitual behaviours

45
Q

What three broad categories can constructive coping be divided into?

A

Appraisal focused coping, problem focused coping, emotion focused coping

46
Q

What is appraisal focused coping aimed at?

A

Changing one’s interpretation of stressful events

47
Q

What is problem focused coping aimed at?

A

Altering the stressful situation itself

48
Q

What is emotion focused coping aimed at?

A

Managing potential emotional distress

49
Q

Are the three categories mutually exclusive?

A

Many strategies may fall under more than one category

50
Q

What is rational-emotive behaviour therapy?

A

An approach to therapy that focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviour

51
Q

What is catastrophic thinking?

A

Unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

52
Q

What three components of Ellis’ ABC sequence explain effects of appraisal?

A

Activating event, Belief System, and Consequence

53
Q

What is the activating event?

A

The event that produces the stress

54
Q

What is the belief system?

A

Your belief about the event, which represents your appraisal of the stress

55
Q

What is the consequence?

A

The consequence of your negative thinking

56
Q

What stage of the sequence do most people not understand the importance of?

A

Phase B - they believe that A causes the consequent emotional turmoil C

57
Q

What does Ellis argue instead in terms of cause in this sequence?

A

B causes C - emotional distress is caused by one’s catastrophic thinking in appraising stressful events

58
Q

In terms of the roots of catastrophic thinking, what are unrealistic appraisals of stress derived from?

A

The irrational assumptions people hold

59
Q

What are four common irrational assumptions (1)?

A

I must have love and affection from certain people

60
Q

(2)

A

I must perform well in all endeavours

61
Q

(3)

A

Other people should always behave competently and be considerate of me

62
Q

(4)

A

Events should always go the way I like

63
Q

What two ways does Ellis assert you can reduce your unrealistic appraisals of stress?

A

(1) You must learn how to detect catastrophic thinking

(2) You must learn how to dispute the irrational assumptions that cause it

64
Q

Is humour as a stress reducer beneficial?

A

Yes! It can also reduce workplace stress

65
Q

Are all types of humour equally effective?

A

No, some types of humour are more effective than others in reducing stress

66
Q

How aspect of stressful events does humour affect?

A

The appraisals of the stressful events

67
Q

What is positive reinterpretation?

A

A strategy of making positive comparison with others

68
Q

What is a benefit of positive reinterpretation?

A

It can facilitate calming reappraisals of stress without the necessity of distorting reality

69
Q

In addition to comparing yourself to other’s situations, how else can you use positive reinterpretation?

A

To search for something good in a bad experience

70
Q

What is the first step in systematic problem solving?

A

Clarifying the nature of the problem

71
Q

What two common tendencies hinder people’s efforts to get a clear picture of their problems?

A

People often describe their problems in vague generalities, and they tend to focus too much on negative feelings, thereby confusing the consequences of problems with the problems themselves

72
Q

What is the second step in systematic problem solving?

A

To generate alternative courses of action

73
Q

What is brainstorming?

A

Generating as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation

74
Q

What do you do after generating as many alternatives as you can?

A

Start evaluating the possibilities

75
Q

What three general issues should you address before judging the values of your alternatives (1)?

A

Ask yourself whether each alternative is realistic

76
Q

(2)

A

Consider an costs or risks associated with each alternative

77
Q

(3)

A

Compare the desirability of the probable outcomes of each alternative

78
Q

What is important to do while following through and implementing your plan?

A

Maintaining flexibility, and look for improvement of any kind rather than following a success/failure dichotomy

79
Q

What are three types of problem focused constructive coping?

A

Using systematic problem solving, seeking help, and improving time management

80
Q

What are certain differences in the intent to seek social help across cultures?

A

Despite the fact that there are broad similarities across cultures about how individuals react to stress, there are differences in actively seeking help

81
Q

Which culture, out of Asians and Asian Americans of Europeans are less likely to seek social support?

A

Asians and Asian Americans - due to cultural norms (collectivism will not seek out)

82
Q

Is social support always constructive?

A

No, it can sometimes increase evaluation apprehension

83
Q

What do many stressors of modern life result from?

A

A lack of time

84
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

Consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion

85
Q

What four essential components are included in emotional intelligence (1)?

A

People need to be able to accurately perceive emotions in themselves and in others and to have the ability to express their own emotions effectively

86
Q

(2)

A

People need to be aware of how their emotions shape their thinking, decision making, and doing with stress

87
Q

(3)

A

People need to be able to understand and analyze their emotions, which may often be complex and contradictory

88
Q

(4)

A

People need to be able to regulate their emotions so that they can damped negative emotions and make effective uses of positive ones

89
Q

What is the test that has the strongest empirical foundation to measure the concept of emotional intelligence?

A

The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test

90
Q

What has this test been found to reliably predict?

A

The quality of individuals social interactions, leadership effectiveness, and mental and physical health

91
Q

Can emotional intelligence be linked to better coping?

A

Heck yes!

92
Q

What types of emotion focused coping are there?

A

Enhancing emotional intelligence, expressing emotions, managing hostility and forgiving others, exercising, using meditation and relaxation, and spirituality

93
Q

How is expressing emotions related to emotion focused coping of stress?

A

Expressing emotions both verbally and in writing can be beneficial

94
Q

What is the goal of hostility management?

A

To reduce the frequency and intensity of one’s hostile feelings

95
Q

What is forgiveness?

A

Involves counteracting the natural tendencies to seek vengeance or avoid the offender, thereby releasing this person from further liability for his or her transgressions

96
Q

Is forgiving an effective emotion focused coping strategy?

A

Yes. I can be healthy for people to learn to forgive others more readily

97
Q

How can exercise be an example of emotion focused coping?

A

It is a healthy way to deal with overwhelming emotions related to stress, it provides multiple coping related benefits

98
Q

What coping related benefits does exercise provide?

A

An outlet for frustration, a distraction from the stressor, and benefits to physical and psychological health

99
Q

What three rules must you consider to get maximal benefits from physical exercise?

A
  1. You should want to exercise
  2. You should engage in aerobic exercise because most of the positive effects come from this type of exercise
  3. You should exercise on a regular basis
100
Q

What is meditation?

A

A family of mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to coffees attention in a non analytical way

Psychology 2035 (8 decks)

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