Chapter 4 Chapter Summary Flashcards
Selective attention
The ability to focus on one message while ignoring all others
What is one procedure used to demonstrate selective attention?
Dichotic listening
Broadbent’s model proposes that…
The attended message is separated from the incoming signal early in the analysis of the signal
Treisman’s model proposes…
Later separation and adds a dictionary unit to explain how the unattended message and sometimes get through
Late selection models propose that…
Selection doesn’t occur until messages are processed enough to determine their meaning
Lavie proposes that…
Our ability to ignore distracting stimuli can be explained by considering processing capacity and perceptual load
Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention
States that distraction is less likely for high-load tasks because no capacity remains to process potential distracting stimuli
The Stroop Effect demonstrates…
How a powerful task-irrelevant stimulus, such as meaningful words that result in a response that competes with the observer’s task, can capture attention
Overt attention
Shifting attention by making eye movements; determined by bottom-up processes such as stimulus salience and by top-down processes such as scene schemas and task demands, which influence how eye movement are directed to parts of a scene
Covert attention
Shifting attention without making eye movements; visual attention can be directed to different places in a scene without making eye movements
The effect of covert attention has been demonstrated by…
precueing experiments, which have shown that covert attention to a location enhances processing at that location
Eagly’s experiment demonstrates that…
Responding is faster for cued locations on an object and that this effect spreads throughout an object, an effect called the same-object advantage
Attended objects are perceived to be __________ than non attended objects
- Bigger
- Faster
- More richly colored
- Higher in contrast
Covert attention to a location causes…
An increase in activity at the place on the brain that corresponds to that location
Attentional warping
The idea that attention to specific categories of objects increases the area of the brain devoted to the attended category
Divided attention is possible…
For easy tasks or for highly practiced difficult tasks
One explanation for frequent cell-phone checking…
Involves principles of operant conditioning
Mind wandering has been associated with…
Disruption of ongoing tasks that require focused attention and activity of the default mode network
Inattentional blindness experiments…
Provide evidence that without attention we may fail to perceive things that are clearly visible in the field of view
Inattential deafness can occur when…
Attention to a high-load visual search task impairs the ability to detect sounds
Change blindness
The inability to detect changes in a scene; another example of how inattention can affect perception
Binding
The process by which object features are combined to create perception of a coherent object
Feature integration theory
Explains how binding occurs by proposing two stages of processing: preattentive processing and focused attention
Basic idea of feature integration theory
Objects are analyzed into their features and that attention is necessary to combine these features to create perception of an object
What types of experiments support feature integration theory?
Illusory conjunction, visual search, and neuropsychology experiments
The ventral attention network controls attention based on…
Salience
The dorsal attention network controls attention based on…
Top-down processes
The executive attention network controls attention that…
Involves dealing with conflicting responses
The mechanism of synchronization helps…
Achieve effective connectivity between different areas in a network
