Chapter 4 Cell Structure & Cell Membrane Flashcards
Cell
- The smallest unit of living organisms.
- All organisms are composed by cell.
- Cell comes from the preexisting cells.
Cell and shape
The shape of cell is specific based on its function e.g. red blood cell (concave shape) and neuron (fiber shape)
Cell and size
The smaller the size of the cell the more surface area compare to the bigger size in the same total volume.
Prokaryotic
The cell that lack of nucleus and nuclear membrane (only have nucleid), has circular DNA mixing together with the organelles.
Structure:
•Nucleoid •Cytoplasm: Plasmid Mesosome Storage granules Ribosomes ( protein producer ) •Boundaries: Plasma membrane Cell wall ( peptidoglycan ) Capsule •Motoric: Pili Flagella
Eukaryotic
The cell that has nucleus and membrane bounded organelles.
• Protoplasm
Nucleus: consist of DNA & hystone
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with pores
Nucleo plasma: semi fluid medium
•Cytoplasm:
rER: attached by ribosomes for protein modification for sending to Golgy App.
Ribosomes: Produce protein
sER: no ribosomes, synthesising steroid and lipid for detoxification.
Golgy App: protein packing organelles, and identifying the specific function of the protein for the next sending to lysosomes. (packing > address)
Lysosome: digest the food and some non function organelles
Vacuoles: (1) Central vacuole, (2) Food vacuole> inside foods will be digested by lysosome, (3) Contractile vacuole > control the amount of water inside fresh water protists, (4) fat vacuole.
*vacuole also send the substances produced by cell to outside cell bilayer membranes
Mitokondria: respiratory organelles that produce ATP
Vesicle: help the transport process (produced by rER to send protein to sER)
Plastid
The organelles in plants, consist of: Chloroplast (photosynthesis) Chromoplast (color) - provide carotenoid (yellow, red) Leucoplast (storage) - amyloplast: starch - proteinoplast: protein - Elaioplast: fat
Cell membrane
the outer part of cell constructed by phospholipid bilayer semi permeable.
Phospholipids
Structure:
2 fatty acids (tail)
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group (head)
Fluid Mosaic Structure
The cell membrane structure that movable
Permeability
The ability of the cell membrane to select which particle (inside and outside) can be delivered for interspace activities.
Non polar
The small particle that mainly is constructed by C-H bonds, easy to pass the cell membrane.
Polar
Bigger particles that normally hard to pass cell membrane.
Membrane Protein
Function: Cell recognition Intercellular joining Strengthening cystoskeleton Transportation Enzymes activity Signal transduction (changing surface structure)
Helical Secondary Structure
The structure of membrane protein
Integral Protein Membrane
the protein vertically arranged within membrane
Peripheral Protein Membrane
Horizontally arranged in the inner membrane attaching to cystoskeleton (strengthening)
Membrane Carbohydrates
Location: outer membrane
Function: cell recognition, shorting embryonic tissue, immune defences
Structure: oligosaccharides
Types: Glycolipids & glycoproteins
Oligosaccharides
15 or less sugar units constructing membrane carbohydrates
Cholesterol
Located in animal plasma membrane only
Function to control the fluid mosaic structure movement
Promote sex hormones
Passive Transport
The intercellular transport
No ATP is needed
Using kinetic energy
Diffusion
Passive transport
with or without membrane
high concentration to low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion that needs protein as carrier
Osmosis
Passive transport
Needs membrane
Water flow from the higher concentration to lower concentration
Isotonic
equilibrium concentration
Hypotonic
The solution with higher concentration of water (solvent) than solute
Effect:
Water flow to the cell that lower concentration of water making cell burst (animal) and no shape change (in plant)
Hypertonic
The solution with high concentration of solute than the solvent (water)
Effect:
The cell that has higher concentration of water becoming shrink caused by the moving of water inside the cell to outside the cell.
Plasmolysis
The decreasing size of central vacuole in plants caused by the the out moving of water inside the cell to outside the cell due to the hypertonic solution outside.
Active transport
Need ATP
Phagocytosis
Cell eating (undissolved particles)
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking (dissolved particles)
Receptor mediated
Using protein as receptor
Exocytosis
From inner to outside
