Chapter 4 Cell Structure & Cell Membrane

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

1. The smallest unit of living organisms.
2. All organisms are composed by cell.
3. Cell comes from the preexisting cells.

Question 2

Cell and shape

Answer 2

The shape of cell is specific based on its function e.g. red blood cell (concave shape) and neuron (fiber shape)

Question 3

Cell and size

Answer 3

The smaller the size of the cell the more surface area compare to the bigger size in the same total volume.

Question 4

Prokaryotic

Answer 4

The cell that lack of nucleus and nuclear membrane (only have nucleid), has circular DNA mixing together with the organelles.

Structure:

•Nucleoid
•Cytoplasm:
Plasmid
Mesosome
Storage granules
Ribosomes ( protein producer )
•Boundaries:
Plasma membrane
Cell wall ( peptidoglycan )
Capsule 
•Motoric:
Pili 
Flagella

Question 5

Eukaryotic

Answer 5

The cell that has nucleus and membrane bounded organelles.

• Protoplasm
Nucleus: consist of DNA & hystone
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with pores
Nucleo plasma: semi fluid medium

•Cytoplasm:
rER: attached by ribosomes for protein modification for sending to Golgy App.
Ribosomes: Produce protein
sER: no ribosomes, synthesising steroid and lipid for detoxification.
Golgy App: protein packing organelles, and identifying the specific function of the protein for the next sending to lysosomes. (packing > address)
Lysosome: digest the food and some non function organelles
Vacuoles: (1) Central vacuole, (2) Food vacuole> inside foods will be digested by lysosome, (3) Contractile vacuole > control the amount of water inside fresh water protists, (4) fat vacuole.
*vacuole also send the substances produced​ by cell to outside cell bilayer membranes
Mitokondria: respiratory organelles that produce ATP
Vesicle: help the transport process (produced by rER to send protein to sER)

Question 6

Plastid

Answer 6

The organelles in plants, consist of:
Chloroplast (photosynthesis)
Chromoplast (color)
- provide carotenoid (yellow, red)
Leucoplast (storage)
- amyloplast: starch
- proteinoplast: protein 
- Elaioplast: fat

Question 7

Cell membrane

Answer 7

the outer part of cell constructed by phospholipid bilayer semi permeable.

Question 8

Phospholipids

Answer 8

Structure:
2 fatty acids (tail)
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group (head)

Question 9

Fluid Mosaic Structure

Answer 9

The cell membrane structure that movable

Question 10

Permeability

Answer 10

The ability of the cell membrane to select which particle (inside and outside) can be delivered for interspace activities.

Question 11

Non polar

Answer 11

The small particle that mainly is constructed by C-H bonds, easy to pass the cell membrane.

Question 12

Polar

Answer 12

Bigger particles that normally hard to pass cell membrane.

Question 13

Membrane Protein

Answer 13

Function: 
Cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Strengthening cystoskeleton 
Transportation
Enzymes activity
Signal transduction (changing surface structure)

Question 14

Helical Secondary Structure

Answer 14

The structure of membrane protein

Question 15

Integral Protein Membrane

Answer 15

the protein vertically arranged within membrane

Question 16

Peripheral Protein Membrane

Answer 16

Horizontally arranged in the inner membrane attaching to cystoskeleton (strengthening)

Question 17

Membrane Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Location: outer membrane
Function: cell recognition, shorting embryonic tissue, immune defences
Structure: oligosaccharides
Types: Glycolipids & glycoproteins

Question 18

Oligosaccharides

Answer 18

15 or less sugar units constructing membrane carbohydrates

Question 19

Cholesterol

Answer 19

Located in animal plasma membrane only

Function to control the fluid mosaic structure movement

Promote sex hormones

Question 20

Passive Transport

Answer 20

The intercellular transport
No ATP is needed
Using kinetic energy

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

Passive transport
with or without membrane
high concentration to low concentration

Question 22

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 22

Diffusion that needs protein as carrier

Question 23

Osmosis

Answer 23

Passive transport
Needs membrane
Water flow from the higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

equilibrium concentration

Question 25

Hypotonic

Answer 25

The solution with higher concentration of water (solvent) than solute

Effect:
Water flow to the cell that lower concentration of water making cell burst (animal) and no shape change (in plant)

Question 26

Hypertonic

Answer 26

The solution with high concentration of solute than the solvent (water)

Effect:
The cell that has higher concentration of water becoming shrink caused by the moving of water inside the cell to outside the cell.

Question 27

Plasmolysis

Answer 27

The decreasing size of central vacuole in plants caused by the the out moving of water inside the cell to outside the cell due to the hypertonic solution outside.

Question 28

Active transport

Answer 28

Need ATP

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

Cell eating (undissolved particles)

Question 30

Pinocytosis

Answer 30

Cell drinking (dissolved particles)

Question 31

Receptor mediated

Answer 31

Using protein as receptor

Question 32

Exocytosis

Answer 32

From inner to outside