Chapter 2 Evolution Flashcards
Bioevolution and the origin of life
Evolution
The way thing roll out or turn out
Biological Evolution
The term of evolution describing the beginning of life, the cause of evolution, relationship of organisms, the extinction of organisms.
Microevolution
Evolutionary changes within a species (in one population)
Macroevolution
Evolutionary changes within organism beyond species level
Gene Pool
Thegene poolis the set of allgenes, or genetic information, in anypopulation, usually of a particularspecies; affects the population structure
Inherited Traits
The changes of traits in organisms coming from the successive generation.
The first earth crust
4.6 B year ago
The first fossil of organism
3.5 B year ago by the fossil of cyanobacteria~a photoautotrophs - prokaryotic organism - the ancestors of blue green algae.
Basic chemical requirements of early life
- organic
- inorganic
- liquid (water)
Basic energy source of the early life
Sparks and sunlight
Less Oxygen in the early Life
Oxygen tends to breaking down complex molecules to the simpler one; the existence (a lot) of oxygen in the early life is impossible due to the process of polymerization.
Chemical Evolution
The first idea of evolution coming from:
- J.B.S Haldene - English Biologist
- Alexander Oparin - Russian Biochemist
Polymerization
The process of making polimer from smaller particles (monomers).
Monomers
The basic materials of chemical building blocks of life
Polymer
The joining monomers
Stanley Miller & Harold Urey
A scientist doing “Miller-Urey Experiment” to prove the spontaneous reaction phenomenon in the early life forming of monomers to polymers.
The first inorganic compounds
- Water (H2O)
- NH4 (amonia)
- CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
- H2 (hydrogen molecules)
The first atmospheric gases
H, N, C, less O
The first organic simple molecules
CH4
Organic Monomers
- amino acids
- fatty acids
- nitrogenous bases (purines, pyrimidines)
Oxygen Formation
Photolysis
H2O breaking down by the sun, and re-forming into Hydrogen and Oxygen
Carbon dioxide formation
By the formation of oxygen and Carbon atom
Sydney Fox
Scientist doing experiment using heating and cooling system to prove the physiological factors turning the organic compounds monomers into polimers
Protenoid
The protein looked-like structure formed by amino acids
Microspheres
The cell like structure formed by heating-cooling protenoid
Cell-like basic characters:
- coccus shape
- growing
- generating bud
- forming boundary (selective permeable)
Cell unlike characters:
- NO genetic material
- CANNOT produce it’s own energy
The First Cell
the result of natural selection causing some microspheres that can survive to form their own genetic materials and energy.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that unable to produce it’s energy (no photosynthesis)
Autotrophs
The organism that can produce its own energy ( able to do photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs
The early autotrophic organisms that can produce the energy by doing chemical activity e.g. archaebacteria (synthesising carbohydrates using carbon dioxide and water by the assistance of H2O) in the extreme condition (anaerobic).
Photoautotrophs
The organism that able to generate energy from photosynthesis e.g. cyanobacteria (synthesising carbohydrates using carbon dioxide and water).
The production of ATP is so much better than chemoautotrophs organisms.
Ozon Formation
Formed by the more activities of cyanobacteria generating more oxygen in the atmosphere, so that the oxygen molecules binding together with oxygen atom to form ozon layer protecting the next level organism from UV radiation.
Prokaryotic
The early organism that lack of nucleus and membrane bounded organelles.
Autogenous evolution hypothesis
The forming of the first prokaryotic organism by the development of its simple cell generating nuclear membrane, ER, and endomembrane system.
Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
The further formation from autogenous hypothesis (nuclear membrane, ER, endomembrane system)
The origin of mitochondria and chloroplast:
- mitochondria from the penetration of aerobic photobacteria > ATP producer for animals
- chloroplast from the penetration of photoautropic bacteria > ATP producer for plants
leading to the early eukaryotic organism.
Eukaryotic
The organism that has nucleus
Multicellular organisms
Organism such as plants and animals that enable to:
- gather more foods
- gain cell stability
- produce enzymes to digest more foods
- promoting tissue level
- growing bigger
Plants
Unique multicellular organism that has cell wall, chloroplast, and large central vacuole (as the factors differentiating it with animals cell)
Animals
Unique multicellular organism that has centrioles, small vacuoles, and cilia or flagella (as the factors differentiating it with plants cell)
Plasmodial Hypothesis
Hadzi & Hudson
Platyhelminthes-like animals forming of life
Planula Hypothesis
Cnidarian life process
Nonvascular plants
The early generation of plants that has lack of vascular tissues for the transportation of water and nutrients.
Characters: - no vascular tissue - unreal roots and leaves - has chloroplast - grouping to reduce gravitational effects - small size as it is lack of vascular tissues - living in wet or rich water areas - alternation of generation - gametophyte dominant -
Charophyta
Charopyta > totally live in water
Bryophyte
Seedless Non Vascular Plants
Seedless Non Vascular Plants
has three kinds:
- mosses
- liverwort
- hornwort
with characters:
- alternation of generation
- sporophytes dominant, living depends on the gametophyte
- depends on water for spora-flagella distribution
- unreal root and leaves due to lack of vascular tissue
- small size and grouping to prevent gravity effects.
- development of cuticles and stoma to prevent water loss.
Pteridophyte
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
First plant to develop vascular tissue; growing taller and stronger
Developing the true leaves making the energy production better
Sporophyte dominant, with Independency of gametophyte and sporophytes stages
Living in dryer but wet areas (depends on water for spora spreading medium)
Lignin development for support transportation
Producing hormones e.g. auxin (enlargement) & cytokinin (development)
Gymnosperms
Fruitless Vascular Plant
Kinds:
- ginkgo
- conifers
- cycad
- gnetum
Characters:
- uncoated seeds (fruitless)
- Sporophyte dominant
- Cones instead of flowers
- Both air and pollinators assistance in spreading sperms
- Heterosporous
Seed
Structure: seed coat(protection) + endosperm (food storage) +embryo ( next generation)
Function:
- source of foods for animals and humans
Pollination
The process of sperm (pollen) entering the female reproductive part by the help of animals e.g insects, birds (pollinators)
Heterosporous
The spores found in gymnosperms consist of “2 haploid cells”
1 for fertilization
1 for disintegration
Angiosperms
Fruit Vascular Plant
- flowers
- fruit ( seed + pericarp (mature ovary carpel)
- double fertilization
- large leaves
- more developed vascular tissues
Seed Dispersal
The ability of seed to be distributed further places and longer duration due to the development of fruit
Flower
The sexual part of angiosperms plants
male: anther and filament
female: stigma, style, and ovary (ovule inside)
Double Fertilization
The process of fertilization in angiosperms plants
3 microspore :
1 breakdown microphyl (disappear)
Double fertilization:
1 fussion with polar nuclei or antipodal (n+2n = 3n) > endosperm
1 fussion with nucleus (n+n= 2n) > zygot> embryo
Fruit
Fruit contains of:
• seed : embryo, endosperm, seed coat
• fruit : growing from mature ovary carpel becoming pericarp (endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp)
Function:
• seed dispersal
• foods
Vertebrate (Jawed Fish)
- has vertebrae
- biting than filter feeding
- development of cranium
- development of gill arch (becoming jaw mandibular hyomandibular)
- spiracles development from the gill slit for gas exchange
Chordate
Jawless Fish
the ancestor of vertebrate, having: • pharyngeal fill shit : filter feeding organs • notochord : supporting rod • hollow dorsal nerve cord : becoming brains and spinal cord • tail
Amphibians
Living in Water and Land
- No gills
- Reducted and lost of operculum
- waterloss protection by slimy (mucous gland) and thick skin
- Evolve Stapes
- depends on water for the egg layering.
Reptiles
- keratin (prevent water loss and UV protection)
- breath through skin
- evolved lungs
- cold blood animals
Birds
- evolve feathers
- bigger lungs
- larger heart
- slim body for fly
- know how to culture (making nest)
Primates
Arboreal adaptation
Graping hands
Large brains
Better communication
Arboreal Adaptation
Living mostly in the trees
Ape
The nearest relatives of human
- good communication
- no tail
- blood group
- metabolism
- muscular systems
Human Ancestors
Bipedalism
Hominid
Homo sapiens
Succession of Homo erectus
Loves drawing
Camp fire
Hunting
