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Principle of Biology > Chapter 2 Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Evolution Flashcards

Bioevolution and the origin of life

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1
Q

Evolution

A

The way thing roll out or turn out

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2
Q

Biological Evolution

A

The term of evolution describing the beginning of life, the cause of evolution, relationship of organisms, the extinction of organisms.

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3
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary​ changes within a species (in one population)

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4
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolutionary changes within organism beyond species level

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5
Q

Gene Pool

A

Thegene poolis the set of allgenes, or genetic information, in anypopulation, usually of a particularspecies; affects the population structure

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6
Q

Inherited Traits

A

The changes of traits in organisms coming from the successive generation.

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7
Q

The first earth crust

A

4.6 B year ago

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8
Q

The first fossil of organism

A

3.5 B year ago by the fossil of cyanobacteria~a photoautotrophs - prokaryotic organism - the ancestors of blue green algae.

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9
Q

Basic chemical requirements of early life

A
  • organic
  • inorganic
  • liquid (water)
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10
Q

Basic energy source of the early life

A

Sparks and sunlight

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11
Q

Less Oxygen in the early Life

A

Oxygen tends to breaking down complex molecules to the simpler one; the existence (a lot) of oxygen in the early life is impossible due to the process of polymerization.

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12
Q

Chemical Evolution

A

The first idea of evolution coming from:

  1. J.B.S Haldene - English Biologist
  2. Alexander Oparin - Russian Biochemist
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13
Q

Polymerization

A

The process of making polimer from smaller particles (monomers).

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14
Q

Monomers

A

The basic materials of chemical building blocks of life

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15
Q

Polymer

A

The joining monomers

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16
Q

Stanley Miller & Harold Urey

A

A scientist doing “Miller-Urey Experiment” to prove the spontaneous reaction phenomenon in the early life forming of monomers to polymers​.

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17
Q

The first inorganic compounds

A
  • Water (H2O)
  • NH4 (amonia)
  • CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
  • H2 (hydrogen molecules)
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18
Q

The first atmospheric gases

A

H, N, C, less O

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19
Q

The first organic simple molecules

A

CH4

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20
Q

Organic Monomers

A
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • nitrogenous bases (purines​, pyrimidines)
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21
Q

Oxygen Formation

Photolysis

A

H2O breaking down by the sun, and re-forming into Hydrogen and Oxygen

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22
Q

Carbon dioxide formation

A

By the formation of oxygen and Carbon atom

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23
Q

Sydney Fox

A

Scientist doing experiment using heating and cooling system to prove the physiological factors turning the organic compounds monomers into polimers

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24
Q

Protenoid

A

The protein looked-like structure formed by amino acids

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25
Q

Microspheres

A

The cell like structure formed by heating-cooling protenoid

Cell-like basic characters:

  • coccus shape
  • growing
  • generating bud
  • forming boundary (selective permeable)

Cell unlike characters:

  • NO genetic material
  • CANNOT produce it’s own energy
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26
Q

The First Cell

A

the result of natural selection causing some microspheres that can survive to form their own genetic materials and energy.

27
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that unable to produce it’s energy (no photosynthesis)

28
Q

Autotrophs

A

The organism that can produce its own energy ( able to do photosynthesis)

29
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

The early autotrophic organisms that can produce the energy by doing chemical activity e.g. archaebacteria (synthesising carbohydrates using carbon dioxide and water by the assistance of H2O) in the extreme condition (anaerobic).

30
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

The organism that able to generate energy from photosynthesis e.g. cyanobacteria (synthesising carbohydrates using carbon dioxide and water).

The production of ATP is so much better than chemoautotrophs organisms.

31
Q

Ozon Formation

A

Formed by the more activities of cyanobacteria generating more oxygen in the atmosphere, so that the oxygen molecules binding together with oxygen atom to form ozon layer protecting the next level organism from UV radiation.

32
Q

Prokaryotic

A

The early organism that lack of nucleus and membrane bounded organelles.

33
Q

Autogenous evolution hypothesis

A

The forming of the first prokaryotic organism by the development of its simple cell generating nuclear membrane, ER, and endomembrane system.

34
Q

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

A

The further formation from autogenous hypothesis (nuclear membrane, ER, endomembrane system)

The origin of mitochondria and chloroplast:

  1. mitochondria from the penetration of aerobic photobacteria > ATP producer for animals
  2. chloroplast from the penetration of photoautropic bacteria > ATP producer for plants

leading to the early eukaryotic organism.

35
Q

Eukaryotic

A

The organism that has nucleus

36
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Organism such as plants and animals that enable to:

  • gather more foods
  • gain cell stability
  • produce enzymes to digest more foods
  • promoting tissue level
  • growing bigger
37
Q

Plants

A

Unique multicellular organism that has cell wall, chloroplast, and large central vacuole (as the factors differentiating it with animals cell)

38
Q

Animals

A

Unique multicellular organism that has centrioles​, small vacuoles, and cilia or flagella (as the factors differentiating it with plants cell)

39
Q

Plasmodial Hypothesis

Hadzi & Hudson

A

Platyhelminthes-like animals forming of life

40
Q

Planula Hypothesis

A

Cnidarian life process

41
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

The early generation of plants that has lack of vascular tissues for the transportation of water and nutrients.

Characters:
- no vascular tissue
- unreal roots and leaves
- has chloroplast
- grouping to reduce gravitational effects
- small size as it is lack of vascular tissues
- living in wet or rich water areas
- alternation of generation
- gametophyte dominant
-
42
Q

Charophyta

A

Charopyta > totally live in water

43
Q

Bryophyte

Seedless Non Vascular Plants

A

Seedless Non Vascular Plants

has three kinds:

  • mosses
  • liverwort
  • hornwort

with characters:

  • alternation of generation
  • sporophytes dominant, living depends on the gametophyte
  • depends on water for spora-flagella distribution
  • unreal root and leaves due to lack of vascular tissue
  • small size and grouping to prevent gravity effects.
  • development of cuticles and stoma to prevent water loss.
44
Q

Pteridophyte

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Seedless Vascular Plants

First plant to develop vascular tissue; growing taller and stronger

Developing the true leaves making the energy production better

Sporophyte dominant, with Independency of gametophyte and sporophytes stages

Living in dryer but wet areas (depends on water for spora spreading medium)

Lignin development for support transportation

Producing hormones​ e.g. auxin (enlargement) & cytokinin (development)

45
Q

Gymnosperms

Fruitless Vascular Plant

A

Kinds:

  • ginkgo
  • conifers
  • cycad
  • gnetum

Characters:

  • uncoated seeds (fruitless)
  • Sporophyte dominant
  • Cones instead of flowers
  • Both air and pollinators assistance in spreading sperms
  • Heterosporous
46
Q

Seed

A

Structure: seed coat(protection) + endosperm (food storage) +embryo ( next generation)

Function:
- source of foods for animals and humans

47
Q

Pollination

A

The process of sperm (pollen) entering the female reproductive part by the help of animals e.g insects, birds (pollinators)

48
Q

Heterosporous​

A

The spores found in gymnosperms consist of “2 haploid cells”

1 for fertilization
1 for disintegration

49
Q

Angiosperms

Fruit Vascular Plant

A
  • flowers
  • fruit ( seed + pericarp (mature ovary carpel)
  • double fertilization
  • large leaves
  • more developed vascular tissues
50
Q

Seed Dispersal

A

The ability of seed to be distributed further places and longer duration due to the development of fruit

51
Q

Flower

A

The sexual part of angiosperms plants

male: anther and filament
female: stigma, style, and ovary (ovule inside)

52
Q

Double Fertilization

A

The process of fertilization in angiosperms plants

3 microspore :
1 breakdown microphyl (disappear)

Double fertilization:
1 fussion with polar nuclei or antipodal (n+2n = 3n) > endosperm
1 fussion with nucleus (n+n= 2n) > zygot> embryo

53
Q

Fruit

A

Fruit contains of:
• seed : embryo, endosperm, seed coat
• fruit : growing from mature ovary carpel becoming pericarp (endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp)

Function:
• seed dispersal
• foods

54
Q

Vertebrate (Jawed Fish)

A
  • has vertebrae
  • biting than filter feeding
  • development of cranium
  • development of gill arch (becoming jaw mandibular hyomandibular)
  • spiracles development from the gill slit for gas exchange
55
Q

Chordate

Jawless Fish

A 
the ancestor of vertebrate, having: 
• pharyngeal fill shit : filter feeding organs
• notochord : supporting rod 
• hollow dorsal nerve cord : 
becoming brains and spinal cord 
• tail
56
Q

Amphibians

Living in Water and Land

A
  • No gills
  • Reducted and lost of operculum
  • waterloss protection by slimy (mucous gland) and thick skin
  • Evolve Stapes
  • depends on water for the egg layering.
57
Q

Reptiles

A
  • keratin (prevent water loss and UV protection)
  • breath through skin
  • evolved lungs
  • cold blood animals
58
Q

Birds

A
  • evolve feathers
  • bigger lungs
  • larger heart
  • slim body for fly
  • know how to culture (making nest)
59
Q

Primates

A

Arboreal adaptation
Graping hands
Large brains​
Better communication

60
Q

Arboreal Adaptation

A

Living mostly in the trees

61
Q

Ape

A

The nearest relatives of human

  • good communication
  • no tail
  • blood group
  • metabolism
  • muscular systems
62
Q

Human Ancestors

A

Bipedalism

Hominid

63
Q

Homo sapiens​

A

Succession of Homo erectus
Loves drawing
Camp fire
Hunting

Principle of Biology (5 decks)

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