Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principle of Biology > Chapter 1 Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Ecology Flashcards

Learning basic ecological knowledges

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific studies about the relationship between each organism and the relationship of the organisms with their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gaia Theory (James Lovelock)

A

The ecological theory~ organic and inorganic compounds relationship making self regulating complex system forming the life on the planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autecology

A

The branch of ecology studies about the relationship of organism (species level) and its environment e.g. human kidney and the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Synecology

A

The branch of ecology studies about the relationship among the communities and environment (community level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biomes

A

The place where the living things (plants and animals) have a living and interaction.

The collection of many ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Terrestrial Biomes

A

The land part of ecosystem e.g tropical rain forest, savanna, charapal, desert, tundra, temperate deciduous, forest, taiga/coniferous forest, temperate grassland.

Human bad impacts:

  • monoculture (agriculture)
  • industrial areas​ (soil contamination)
  • etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aquatic Biomes

A

The aquatic part of ecosystem consist of many regions.

Human impact:

  • fertilizer contamination
  • oil contamination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aquatic Zones

A

From top to bottom e.g. photic, aphotic, abyssal

From seasour to the open sea e.g. intertidal, neritic, oceanic

Sea base ~ benthic zone (along the sour to the bottom dark side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Photic Zone

A

Upper aquatic zone that has plenty of sunlight and the living things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

The intermediate aquatic zone where the sunlight intensity is less; causing less living organisms in this area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Abyssal zone

A

The lowest level of aquatic zone where no sunlight can reach this level and the undersea volcanoes 🌋 activities is abundance; limited kind of organisms can live here.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intertidal Zone

A

The aquatic zone where the landside plants and animals can still be found.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neritic Zone

A

The aquatic zone where the corals and sealife are abundance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oceanic Zone

A

The aquatic zone where the sea is open (open sea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Benthic Zone

A

The base of the sea (seabed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ecotone

A

The transitional areas between two biological communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eutrophication

A

Eccessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

Main cause: overuse of fertilizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Biotic component of ecosystem

A
  • Producers (autotrophs)
  • Consumers (heterotrophs)
  • Decomposers (change organic to inorganic).
  • Detritrivore ( processing the big organic materials into smaller particles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Food chain

A

The structure of ecosystem explains the noncyclical process of energy transfer (eating and eaten).

NB: The eaters will get only 10% of the energy from the food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Food web

A

The cyclic process (group of food chain) of energy and nutrition transfer.

Human impact:
-Bioaccumulation/ biomagnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Silent Spring

A

Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book was published on 27 September 1962 and it documented the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides.

e.g. DDT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bioaccumulation (Biomagnification)

A

Bioaccumulationrefers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism.

Bioaccumulationoccurs when an organism absorbs a - possibly toxic - substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost by catabolism and excretion. (Wikipedia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

The first law of thermodynamicsis a version of thelawof conservation of energy, adapted forthermodynamic systems.

Thelawof conservation of energy states that:

~the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed~

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

The entropy law; the more energy being transferred, the more energy being wasted.

only 10% energy from the previous stage being accepted by the next stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Primary energy productivity

A

The rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Thenitrogen cycleis the biogeochemicalcycleby whichnitrogenis converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogencan be carried out through both biological and physical processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Limiting Factor

A

Factors that limit the population growth e.g forest fire, predation, water level, oxygen level, light supply, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

How the organism deal with limiting factors.

Zones and Conditions:

  1. Optimum condition: survive; population abundance.
  2. Physiological stress: changing in physiological factors affecting the decreasing of population.
  3. Zone of intolerance: death

Adaptation: the ability of organisms to survive in any changes of limiting factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Biomass

A

the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dominant Species

A

The richness of the species in ecological community that can affect the more making of biomass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Species Diversity

A

The richness of organisms in community level (upper).

32
Q

Shanon Index

A

wait

33
Q

Stratification Patterns

A

The structure of society, the spread of the organism vertical e.g. forest.

34
Q

Zonation Patterns

A

The structure of society, the spread out of the organism landscapes.

35
Q

Edge Species

A

The species living in ecotone zone.

36
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time (decades).

  1. Primary: natural process e.g. ice melting
  2. Secondary: the changes followed by the habitat distruction.
37
Q

Behavioural Ecology

A

The studies of extend observation in animal behavior by studying the evolutionary and ecological basis of behavior.

38
Q

Genetic Behavior

A

The successive factor producing hormones leading to the identical behavior of generation to generation.

39
Q

Instinct Behavior

A

The natural behavior given by God making organism doing it without learning or experience.

40
Q

Learning Behavior

A

The behavior that must be learned by imprinting and stimulation from the surrounding environment.

41
Q

Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian)

A

Classical conditioning(also known asPavlovianorrespondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

42
Q

Instrumental Conditioning (Operant)

A

Operant conditioning(also called “instrumental conditioning”) is a type oflearningin which (a) the strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior’s consequences, such as reward or punishment, and (b) the behavior is controlled byantecedentscalled “discriminative stimuli” which come to signal those consequences.

43
Q

Comensalism (+/0)

A

The relationship between organisms which the first party gets benefits but doesn’t harm another party.

44
Q

Protocooperation (+~+)

A

The relationship between organisms which gives benefits to both parties without any dependencies​.

45
Q

Mutualism (+/+)

A

The relationship between organisms which gives the benefits for both parties leading to the steadily dependencies.

46
Q

Predation (+/-)

A

The relationship between organisms which one party is killed (eaten) by another party.

47
Q

Parasitism (+/~-)

A

The relationship between organisms which makes one party suffering by the dependency nutrition absorption of the paracite until another party (paracite) becomes satisfy enough to leave the suffering party into death.

48
Q

Competition (-/-)

A

The relationship between organisms which gives disadvantages to the both parties.

49
Q

Herbivory

A

Animals - plants interaction

50
Q

Mechanical Defense

A

The primary protection of plants by growing the thorn etc

51
Q

Chemical Defence

A

The secondary protection of plants by producing chemicals e.g. toxic, smell, etc.

52
Q

Habitat Selection

A

Choosing the appropriate condition or habitats for living.

53
Q

Foraging Behavior

A

The behavior of animals to find the foods

54
Q

Social Behavior

A

The behavior of animals that loves to make a group and has the group tructure e.g wolf, chimpanzee, elephant, etc.

55
Q

Territoriality Behavior

A

The behavior of animals e.g. dog to mark it protect their territory from other animals.

56
Q

Reproductive Behavior

A

The behavior that controls the ways of organism doing reproduction process.

57
Q

Monogamy

A

The reproduction behavior which the pairs has only one mate at anytime.

58
Q

Polygamy

A

The reproduction behavior which the pairs are more than one.

  1. Polygyny
  2. Polyandry
59
Q

Polygyny

A

One man mates with many females in one or different times.

60
Q

Polyandry

A

One female mates with many man in one time or anytime.

61
Q

Promiscuity

A

The random mating activities of male and female in one time which consists of many couples.

  • pesta sex
  • serangga
62
Q

Parenting Behavior

A

The behavior of taking care offsprings by the mother.

63
Q

Morphological adaptation

A

the adaptation of organisms by changing its body parts towards the stimulus.

64
Q

Physiological adaptation

A

The changing of physical factor (inside body or organs) towards the stimuli.

65
Q

Behavioral Adaptation

A

the changing of behavior caused by stimuli.

66
Q

Mechanism of Behavior

A

communication process by sending and receiving stimuli

67
Q

Alleochemicals

A

The subsets of secondary metabolites (secretion of chemicals) in the scope of interspecific interaction.

68
Q

Pheromones

A

the chemical compounds produced by organisms to communicate in a community (intraspecific interaction)

69
Q

Allomones (+/-)

A

plant defence

the plant gets benefits and gives the predators disadvantages

70
Q

Kairomone (-/+)

A

The producers (plants) get disadvantage of emmiting chemicals; the predators​ get benefits

71
Q

Synomone (+/+)

A

Both of the predators and emmiters get benefits.

72
Q

Apneumone (0/0)

A

No effect to both parties

73
Q

Direct Count in Population Density

A

The using of direct counting method in the small scale areas of population which all population members are participated in the process.

74
Q

Sample Plot ( Quadrat Sampling Method)

A

using representative in consequence of big numbers population

75
Q

Malthusian Growth

A

hh

76
Q

Logistics Growth

A

hh

77
Q

Population Fluctuations

A
  • Random pattern fluctuations: the quantities derived from many identical random process.
  • Uniformed/ Spaced: seasonal fluctuations in short term cyclical fluctuations annually.

Principle of Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions