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Biology > Chapter 4 (Cell Structure and Function) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (Cell Structure and Function) Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

Basic units of structure and function of all life

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

used a microscope to observe cork cells in plant tissue

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3
Q

Cork Cells

A

These cells were not actually living so he was actually observing cell walls.

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4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

used home made microscopes to make the first obervations of living cells in a drop of pond water

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5
Q

Who was the father of cytology?

A

For his contribution to the study of the cell Hooke was referred to as this

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6
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

Stated that all plants were composed of cells

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7
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

stated that all animals were composed of cells

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8
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells

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9
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life
  3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
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10
Q

What is meant by cellular diversity

A

There is great diversity in cellular size and shape

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11
Q

How many different types of cells are in the human body?

A

at least 200

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12
Q

What is significant concerning the size of the following cells: Chaos chaos and Micoplasma

A

Chaos chaos =1000um in diameter

Mycoplasma =0.2um in diameter

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13
Q

Who was the father of microbiology?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

What is the size range of most cells?

A

between 10 and 50 um in diameter

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15
Q

What is the smallest and largest cell in the human body?

A

the ovum cell is the largest with 130um’s and the sperm cell is the smallest with 3um’s

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16
Q

What factors limit the size of a cell

A

the ratio between its internal volume and its external surface area

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17
Q

Organelles

A

cellular structures that perform specific functions within the cell

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18
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A

have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei

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19
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

do not have membrane bound organelles or true nuclei

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the region of the cell within the cell membrane that includes everything except the nucleus

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

“control center of the cell” contains DNA the molecule of hereditary responsible for producing all of the organisms proteins

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22
Q

Robert Brown

A

scientist the discovered the nucleus

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23
Q

What size is the nucleus of a cell

A

2 to 5 micrometers in diameter

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24
Q

Chromatin

A

composed of DNA and protein. It is in a thread like form it is visible as a granular substance under the light microscope

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25
Q

Chromosones

A

the coiling and shortening of the chromatin results in a rod shaped body referred to as chromosome

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26
Q

Colonial Organisms

A

a group of genetically identical cells that contribute to the group by performing a specific function

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27
Q

Levels of Organization

A

Cell>Tissue>Organ>Organ System>Organism

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28
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

the outer boundary it regulates what enters and leaves the cell. aids in the protection and support

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29
Q

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A

allows some substances to move across the membrane and prevents others from moving across the membrane

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30
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

have a polar head and 2 non-polar tails the polar hydrophilic head orients itself toward the outside wall

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31
Q

Cholesterol

A

makes the membrane more firm and prevents the membrane from freezing in low temperatures

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32
Q

Sterols

A

lipids that fit between the tails of the phospholipids steroids are necessary for nerve and other cell function

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33
Q

Aqueous

A

in reference to a solution where water is the solvent

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34
Q

Hydrophilic

A

attraction to water

35
Q

Hydrophobic

A

repulsion to water

36
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

used to describe the cell membrane structure of lipids and proteins the lipid bilayer behaves as a fluid the proteins float laterally and vertically

37
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

located of the interior and the exterior of the cell membrane

38
Q

Integral Proteins

A

proteins embedded in the bilayer some extend across the cell membrane and are exposed to both surfaces

39
Q

Cytosol

A

the gelatinous, aqueous fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing dissolved salts, minerals, and organic molecules

40
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

composed of a double membrane that forms a boundary around the nucleus it contains mant nuclear pores that allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus

41
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

help transport substances into and out of the nucleus

42
Q

Nucleolus

A

small region of the nucleus that functions to make ribosomes

43
Q

Nuclear Matrix

A

protein skeleton that helps the nucleus keep its shape

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

“the powerhouse of the cell” converts organic molecules into a usable form of energy

45
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

usable form of energy used to power most of the chemical reactions of the cell

46
Q

Cristae

A

allow more surface area for chemical reactions to occur (folds in inner membrane)

47
Q

Inner Membranes of the Mitochondria

A

has many convolutions or folds which increases surface area of the mitochondria

48
Q

Outer Membranes of the Mitochondria

A

surrounds the mitochondria serving as protective boundary with the cytosol

49
Q

Ribosome

A

protein synthesis occurs here they are composed of RNA and protein they are not bound by membranes

50
Q

What is the size of the Ribosome

A

25nm

51
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of membranous tubules and sacs that function to transport materials within the cell

52
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes are attached to the surface many of the proteins exported or inserted into membranes come from rough ER

53
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes are attached to the surface surface is very smooth

54
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

looks like flattened sac of convex membranes it works closely with ER to modify proteins for export

55
Q

Vesicles

A

Have many different structures and functions in the cell

56
Q

Lysosome

A

small membranes bound organelles which contain chemicals and enzymes needed to digest certain materials in the cell

57
Q

Autophagy

A

process by which lysosomes digest worn-out organelles within a cell

58
Q

Autolysis

A

process by which lysosomes digest damaged or extra cells

59
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes but have different enzymes and are not produced by the golgi. neutralize free radicals that can damage cells

60
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

special peroxisomes found in seeds of some plants function to break down stored fats to provide energy for growth

61
Q

Endosome

A

vesicle inside the cell formed from the engulfing of materials outside the cell

62
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

process of the ribosome assembling a polypeptide from amino acids based on a specific gene code from DNA

63
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

maintains shape and size of the cell. Helps with the movement of organelles. Composed of a series of protein strands in the cytosol.

64
Q

Microfilaments

A

smallest cytoskeleton strand. Composed of a protein referred to as actin. Responsible for cellular movement. Ex. cytoplasmic streaming and muscular contractions.

65
Q

Actin

A

protein in microfilaments

66
Q

Microtubules

A

largest strand of the cytoskeleton made from a protein referred to as tubulin

67
Q

Tubulin

A

protein in microtubules

68
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

rods that anchor the nucleus and other organelles

69
Q

Cilia

A

short hair like structure in large quantities on certain cells

70
Q

Flagella

A

large hair like structure in smaller quantities on certain cells

71
Q

Centrioles

A

found in most eukaryotes

72
Q

Cell Wall

A

protects and supports the cell

73
Q

Vacuoles

A

sac like structures used to store water, food and waste many plants have a large central fluid filled vacuole

74
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

allows plants to grow quickly and support leaves basically water pressure

75
Q

Plastids

A

DNA containing organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane

76
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

forms just outside the cell membrane it is composed of cellulose making the cell wall elastic

77
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

occurs only in woody plants forms between the primary cell wall and the cell membrane

78
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide in the cell wall

79
Q

Lignin

A

makes the cell wall more rigid

80
Q

Pectin Layer

A

first layer to develop it is found where two plant cells meet

81
Q

Amyloplast

A

stores starch granuoles

82
Q

Chromoplast

A

store colorful pigments such as bright orange and yellow

83
Q

Chloroplast

A

store green chloryphyll pigment Photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplasts

Biology (5 decks)

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