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Cellular Biology 201 UNCW > Chapter 4: Carbon And The Molecular Diversity Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Carbon And The Molecular Diversity Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Cis-Trans Isomer

A

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in spatial arrangement of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; also called geometric isomer.

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2
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

The study of carbon compounds.

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3
Q

Valence

A

The bonding capability of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.

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4
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

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5
Q

Isomer

A

One of two or more compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

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6
Q

Structural Isomers

A

One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

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7
Q

Enantiomer

A

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.

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8
Q

Functional Group

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

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9
Q

Seven chemical groups most important in biological processes

A

Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, Carboxyl group, Amino group, Sulfhydryl group, Phosphate group, Methyl group.

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10
Q

Hydroxyl group compound name

A

Alcohol

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11
Q

Carbonyl group compound name

A

Ketone or aldehyde

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12
Q

Carboxyl group compound name

A

Carboxylic acid or organic acid

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13
Q

Amino group compound name

A

Amine

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14
Q

Sulfhydryl group compound name

A

Thiol

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15
Q

Phosphate group compound name

A

Organic compound

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16
Q

Methyl group compound name

A

Methylated compound

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17
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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18
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

An adenine-containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

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19
Q

Organic

A

An individual living thing, consisting of one or more cells.

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20
Q

Organic chemistry is currently defined as

A

The study of carbon compounds

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21
Q

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

A

Amino

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22
Q

Visualize the structural formula of each of the following hydrocarbons. Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? C3H8, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2

A

C2H4

23
Q

Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
A. The replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogens
B. The addition of thiol to a hydroxyl
C. The addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
D. The replacement of nitrogen of an amine with oxygen

A

Replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogens

24
Q
A

Estradiol

25
Q
A

Testosterone

26
Q
A

Hydroxyl group

27
Q
A

Carbonyl Group

28
Q
A

Carboxyl Group

29
Q
A

Amino Group

30
Q
A

Sulfhydryl Group

31
Q
A

Phosphate Group

32
Q
A

Methyl Group

33
Q

What are the 6 most important chemical elements of life?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfur, Hydrogen

34
Q

Using modern equipment, a former graduate student of Stanely Miller recently reanalyzed the sample results of volcano simulation experiments that Miller conducted along with his classic experiment described in the text. This reanalysis did which o the following?
A. Greatly expanded Miller’s earlier finding by uncovering the traces of cell-like entitles being formed in the volcano simulation experiments.
B. Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller.
C. Revealed the formation of the same amino acids that miller initially observed but in a more purified form.
D. Contradicted Miller’s earlier experimental results and provided more support for an undefined life force as the way organic molecules are made in nature.

A

B. Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller.

35
Q

Stanley Miller’s experiments where significant because he demonstrated that _______________.

A

a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth’s primary atmosphere.

36
Q

Which of the following is an organic molecule?
A. O2
B. Ne
C. NaCl
D. CH4

A

D. CH4

37
Q

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?

A

A tetrahedron with carbon at the center.

38
Q

A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation?

A

The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans.

39
Q

A strait-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bone.
A. 6 Hydrogen and 2 Carbon atoms
B. 6 Hydrogen, 2 Carbon, and 1 Oxygen atom
C. 6 Hydrogen and 3 Carbon atoms
D. 8 Hydrogen, 3 Carbon, and 3 oxygen atoms

A

C. 6 Hydrogen and 3 Carbon atoms

40
Q

What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?

A

Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.

41
Q

A carbon atom possesses ____ valence electrons.

A

4

42
Q

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?
A. Hydrophilic, containing numerous carboxyl groups, nonpolar.
B. Hydrophobic, polar, charged
C. Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy
D. Hydrophilic, good source of stored energy, consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen

A

C. Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy

43
Q

A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different Cis-Trans isomers exist for this molecule?

A

Two

44
Q

Pharmaceutical companies are selling billions of dollars’ worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer?

A

One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic.

45
Q

Which of the following functional groups is present in all amino acids?

A

-NH2

46
Q

Which of these is found in all amino acids?
A. both -COOH and -NH2
B. -COOH
C. -COH
D. -OH

A

A. both -COOH and NH2

47
Q

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they ___________.

A

Share the same functional group hydroxyl.

48
Q

Which of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group?
A. R-COOH
B. R-NH2
C. R-COH
D. R-OPO3

A

A. R-COOH

49
Q

Which of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water?
A. -COH
B. -OH
C. -COOH
D. all of the listed responses are correct

A

D. All of the listed responses are correct

50
Q

Which of the following example best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group?
A. It is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons towards it.
B. Its compounds may be structural isomers with different properties.
C. The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly.
D. Two carboxyl groups can bond covalently to help stabilize protein structure.

A

C. The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly.

51
Q

Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water?
A. Amino group
B. Phosphate group
C. Sulfhydryl group
D. Hydroxyl group

A

B. Phosphate group

52
Q

Which functional group would you predict is part of abscisic acid?

A

Carboxyl group

53
Q

Which of the following groups is capable of hydrogen bonding with an oxygen atom on another functional group?
A. Hydroxyl group
B. Carboxyl group
C. Amino group
D. All of the listed responses are correct.

A

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

54
Q

Which of these are Thiol?
A. -COH
B. -OH
C. -SH
D. None of the listed responses is correct.

A

C. None of the listed responses is correct.

Cellular Biology 201 UNCW (11 decks)

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