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Nursing Assistant Care: The Basics 6th ed. > Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which all the body’s systems are balanced and working at their best

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The physical and chemical processes by which a body maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

The 10 body systems

A
  1. Integumentary (Skin)
  2. Musculoskeletal
  3. Nervous
  4. Circulatory aka Cardiovascular
  5. Respiratory
  6. Urinary
  7. Gastrointestinal aka Digestive
  8. Endocrine
  9. Reproductive
  10. Immune and Lymphatic
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4
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Front of the body or part

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5
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Back of the body or part

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6
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

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8
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the torso

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11
Q

Distal

A

Further from the torso

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12
Q

Dilate

A

An opening of the blood vessels which causes an increase in blood flow and a decrease in pressure

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13
Q

Constrict

A

A narrowing of the blood vessels which causes a decrease in blood flow and an increase in pressure

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14
Q

Atrophy

A

A wasting away of tissues, typically seen in muscles due to a lack of usage

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15
Q

Contracture

A

A shortening of either muscles or tendons that can cause permanent inflexibility or “freezing” of a limb

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16
Q

Arthritis

A

Refers to inflammation, or swelling, of the joints. May be caused by aging, injury, or an autoimmune illness. This results in pain and decreased mobility

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17
Q

Autoimmune Illness

A

An illness where the body’s immune system attacks normal tissues

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18
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

An autoimmune form of arthritis

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19
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative form of arthritis usually found in the elderly and is theorized to be caused by aging

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20
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A loss of bone density

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21
Q

Menopause

A

In women: the end of menstruation, usually after not having a menstrual period for 12 months

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22
Q

Hip Fracture and Knee Replacement

A

Common surgeries in persons with osteoporosis and after surgery patients are classified by how much weight they can bear

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23
Q

NWB

A

Non-Weight-Bearing

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24
Q

PWB

A

Partial Weight-Bearing

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25
Q

FWB

A

Full Weight-Bearing

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26
Q

CVA or Stroke

A

A reduction in blood flow to the brain, due to either arterial blockage by clot, or arterial rupture

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27
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

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28
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body

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29
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

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30
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

Difficulty understanding spoken or written words

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31
Q

Emotional Lability

A

Inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses

32
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

33
Q

Parkinsons

A

A progressive, incurable disease that manifests with tremors, a stopped posture, and shuffling gait

34
Q

Paraplegia

A

A loss of function of the lower half of the body

35
Q

Quadreplegia

A

A loss of function of all appendages and potentially the trunk of the body

36
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

When a person’s blood pressure is consistently 130/80 or greater. This can lead to Cardiovascular problems, heart attack, kidney disease or blindness

37
Q

Diuretics

A

Medications that reduce fluid retention by the body and increase the need to urinate

38
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

A disease where the arteries feeding the heart are more narrow than normal

39
Q

Angina

A

Typically described as a pressure or tightness and occurs in the left arm or center left chest

40
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Heart Attack

A

When blood flow to the heart is blocked and blood fails to reach the muscles of the heart

41
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

A state of the heart where muscle tissues have been severely damaged, due to other cardiovascular events, and fails to pump blood effectively

42
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A

A disease in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have enough blood circulation

43
Q

Respiration

A

The body taking in oxygen and excreting carbon dioxide

44
Q

Inspiration

A

Filling the lungs with air

45
Q

Exhalation

A

Pushing air out of the lungs

46
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

47
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

A chronic, progressive disease where the patient has difficulty breathing, especially when trying to get air out of the lungs

48
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

The inability to control the bladder and results in an involuntary loss of urine

49
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

A bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney. Results in pain or a burning sensation during urination

50
Q

Digestion

A

The process of mechanically, enzymatically, and chemically breaking down food to be absorbed and incorporated by the the body

51
Q

Absorption

A

The transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells

52
Q

Elimination

A

The process of expelling waste materials

53
Q

Fecal Incontinence

A

The inability to control the bowels and results in an involuntary passage of stool

54
Q

Constipation

A

The inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool

55
Q

Enema

A

A specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to eliminate stool

56
Q

Fecal Impaction

A

The buildup of hardened or putty-like stool in the rectum that cannot be expelled

57
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Enlarged veins in the rectum that result in rectal itching, burning, pain, and bleeding during bowel elimination

58
Q

Diarrhea

A

The frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces

59
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

A chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus. A burning sensation, called Heartburn, can inflame and damage the esophagus causing bleeding or ulcers

60
Q

Ostomy

A

An opening from inside the body to the outside created in a surgical setting

61
Q

Stoma

A

A specific type of ostomy in the lower intestine that is specifically intended to collect feces rather than have them pass through the anus

62
Q

Glands

A

Organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones

63
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions

64
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone that tells cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream

65
Q

Glucose

A

Sugar

66
Q

Diabetes (Two Types)

A

An illness characterized by insulin issues

Type 1: An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas which are responsible for producing insulin. This disease causes a lack of insulin in the body

Type 2: A condition in which the cells of the body resist the influence of insulin, causing cells to not properly uptake sugar from the bloodstream. This can result in high levels of both insulin and sugar in the bloodstream

67
Q

Prediabetes

A

Occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a type 2 diagnosis

68
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

A condition that can happen in pregnant women without a history of diabetes before being pregnant. They have elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy

69
Q

Reproduce

A

Create new human life

70
Q

Gonads

A

The respective glands that produce haploid cells (cells with half the genetic information) for reproduction

71
Q

Vaginitis

A

An inflammation of the vagina. Can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, fungus, or hormonal changes post-menopause

72
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

An enlargement of the prostate that is common in men over the age of 60. This causes pressure on the urethra which can lead to frequent urination, dribbling of urine, and difficulty starting the flow of urine

73
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

A retrovirus that attacks the body’s immune system leading to a weakening and eventual ‘disarming’ of the immune system.

An advanced stage of this disease in which the weakened immune system is unable to combat pathogens, tumors, or other irregularities

74
Q

Cancer

A

A general term to describe the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

75
Q

Tumor

A

A group of abnormally growing cells

Nursing Assistant Care: The Basics 6th ed. (13 decks)

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