Chapter 4 Blood Flashcards
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What are the functions of blood?
TRANSPORTATION-oxygen,
nutrients,waste, hormones
REGULATION- temp, tissue fluid content, blood pH
DEFENSE SYSTEM-wbc, platelets, clotting factors
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets (clotting)
Where do all blood cells get made?
Red bone marrow
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen
What is the function of leukocyte?
Fight infections and defend
What is plasma?
Liquid portion of blood (45%-78%)
What is hematopoiesis?
Making of blood
What is a hematopoietic stem cell?
Making of a cell (any kind) depending on chemical or physiological stimulus and involves numerous cell divisions.
What is heme?
Pigment portion, produced in mitochondria, contains iron atoms.
What is globin?
Protein portion, produced in ribosomes
Heme group can carry how many molecules of oxygen?
One molecule of oxygen
Four heme groups can attach to how many globin molecules?
One globin molecule
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
One oxygen molecule is associated with how many iron molecules?
One iron molecule
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen
What is cell senescence?
When a cell dies
What happens in rbc senescence?
- Enzyme activity decreases
- cell deforms, becomes rounder and volume decreases
- extravascular hemolysis
What is extravascular hemolysis?
Rbc membrane is destroyed, iron goes to red bone marrow and amino acids go to the liver for re-use.
What is intravascular hemolysis?
Rbc in circulation are subjected to stress, destruction and hemoglobin released into the blood.
What is anemia?
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
What is anemia caused from?
Blood loss, increased rbc destruction, decreased rbc production and iron deficiency
What is polycythemia?
Increase in number of RBC
What are the 3 types of polycythemia?
Relative polycythemia
Compensatory
Rubea Vera
What is relative polycythemia?
Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss. (Vomiting, diarrhea)
What is compensatory polycythemia?
Result of hypoxia (high altitudes)
What is polycythemia Rubra Vera?
Red bone marrow disorder
What are the two immune systems?
Specific and non specific
What are the two immune systems?
Specific and non specific
What are the actions of the immune system?
- Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign cells
- lysis of foreign membranes
- inactivation of pathogens
What does non specific immunity do?
- Mechanical barriers-skin and mucous membranes
- Chemical barriers
- inflammatory response-tissue damage releases chemical factors
- phagocytosis by neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages
- natural killer cells
- interferon- protein produced by cell after it has been infected , inhibits further development and spread of virus
What is diapedesis?
Process that wbc use to go from circulation into tissue spaces
What is chemotaxis?
Process that attracts wbc to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection
What is circulating pool?
Within lumen of blood vessels
What is a marginal pool?
Line the walls of small blood vessels mainly in the spleen, lungs and abdominal organs.
What are neutrophils?
Most numerous, first guys to fight. Have 2-5 segments. They phagocytosis.
What are eosinophils? (Allergies and parasites)
Spend a lot of time in the tissue. They have anti-flammatories and phagocytosis
What is eosinophila?
Increase in eosinophils
What are basophils?
Granules contain histamine and heparin. Histamine helps initiate inflammation and allergic reactions. Heparin acts as anticoagulant and keeps blood flowing to an injured area
Why are mast cells?
Tissue basophils
What is a monocytes?
- largest wbc in circulation
- phagocytic cells
- known as tissue macrophages
- clean up
- show up at end
What is monocytosis?
Increase number of monocytes.
What is monocytopenia?
Decreased number of monocytes
What is specific immunity?
Only attack specific pathogens
What do non specific immunities attack?
Any pathogens
How many cells to specific immunity have?
Two. B and T cells
What are lymphocytes?
- no phagocytic abilities
- live in lymphoid tissues
- born in bone marrow
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
- t cells
- b cells
- natural killer cells
What are T-cells?
Produced in thymus before going to lymphoid tissue. Responsible for cell mediated immunity and for activating B cells.
What are B-cells?
Responsible for antibody production. Are in lymph nodes and spleen.
What is humoral immunity?
B cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells.
What is a complement?
Group of enzymes in plasma that can be activated by the attachment of and antibody to an antigen.
What is a natural killer cell?
Don’t have to be activated by a specific antigen. Can kill some killer cells and must come in direct contact to kill.
What are immunoglobulin?
Antibodies
