Chapter 4 Blood Flashcards by Colette Crook

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells

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What are the functions of blood?

TRANSPORTATION-oxygen,
nutrients,waste, hormones
REGULATION- temp, tissue fluid content, blood pH
DEFENSE SYSTEM-wbc, platelets, clotting factors

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What are leukocytes?

White blood cells

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What are thrombocytes?

Platelets (clotting)

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Where do all blood cells get made?

Red bone marrow

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What is the function of erythrocytes?

Carry oxygen

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What is the function of leukocyte?

Fight infections and defend

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What is plasma?

Liquid portion of blood (45%-78%)

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What is hematopoiesis?

Making of blood

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What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

Making of a cell (any kind) depending on chemical or physiological stimulus and involves numerous cell divisions.

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What is heme?

Pigment portion, produced in mitochondria, contains iron atoms.

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What is globin?

Protein portion, produced in ribosomes

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Heme group can carry how many molecules of oxygen?

One molecule of oxygen

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Four heme groups can attach to how many globin molecules?

One globin molecule

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What is oxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen

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One oxygen molecule is associated with how many iron molecules?

One iron molecule

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What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen

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What is cell senescence?

When a cell dies

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What happens in rbc senescence?

Enzyme activity decreases
cell deforms, becomes rounder and volume decreases
extravascular hemolysis

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What is extravascular hemolysis?

Rbc membrane is destroyed, iron goes to red bone marrow and amino acids go to the liver for re-use.

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What is intravascular hemolysis?

Rbc in circulation are subjected to stress, destruction and hemoglobin released into the blood.

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What is anemia?

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

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What is anemia caused from?

Blood loss, increased rbc destruction, decreased rbc production and iron deficiency

What is polycythemia?

Increase in number of RBC

What are the 3 types of polycythemia?

Relative polycythemia Compensatory Rubea Vera

What is relative polycythemia?

Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss. (Vomiting, diarrhea)

What is compensatory polycythemia?

Result of hypoxia (high altitudes)

What is polycythemia Rubra Vera?

Red bone marrow disorder

What are the two immune systems?

Specific and non specific

What are the two immune systems?

Specific and non specific

What are the actions of the immune system?

- Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign cells - lysis of foreign membranes - inactivation of pathogens

What does non specific immunity do?

- Mechanical barriers-skin and mucous membranes - Chemical barriers - inflammatory response-tissue damage releases chemical factors - phagocytosis by neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages - natural killer cells - interferon- protein produced by cell after it has been infected , inhibits further development and spread of virus

What is diapedesis?

Process that wbc use to go from circulation into tissue spaces

What is chemotaxis?

Process that attracts wbc to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection

What is circulating pool?

Within lumen of blood vessels

What is a marginal pool?

Line the walls of small blood vessels mainly in the spleen, lungs and abdominal organs.

What are neutrophils?

Most numerous, first guys to fight. Have 2-5 segments. They phagocytosis.

What are eosinophils? (Allergies and parasites)

Spend a lot of time in the tissue. They have anti-flammatories and phagocytosis

What is eosinophila?

Increase in eosinophils

What are basophils?

Granules contain histamine and heparin. Histamine helps initiate inflammation and allergic reactions. Heparin acts as anticoagulant and keeps blood flowing to an injured area

Why are mast cells?

Tissue basophils

What is a monocytes?

- largest wbc in circulation - phagocytic cells - known as tissue macrophages - clean up - show up at end

What is monocytosis?

Increase number of monocytes.

What is monocytopenia?

Decreased number of monocytes

What is specific immunity?

Only attack specific pathogens

What do non specific immunities attack?

Any pathogens

How many cells to specific immunity have?

Two. B and T cells

What are lymphocytes?

- no phagocytic abilities - live in lymphoid tissues - born in bone marrow

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

- t cells - b cells - natural killer cells

What are T-cells?

Produced in thymus before going to lymphoid tissue. Responsible for cell mediated immunity and for activating B cells.

What are B-cells?

Responsible for antibody production. Are in lymph nodes and spleen.

What is humoral immunity?

B cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells.

What is a complement?

Group of enzymes in plasma that can be activated by the attachment of and antibody to an antigen.

What is a natural killer cell?

Don't have to be activated by a specific antigen. Can kill some killer cells and must come in direct contact to kill.

What are immunoglobulin?

Antibodies