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Physiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 4 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Blood Flashcards

0
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

TRANSPORTATION-oxygen,
nutrients,waste, hormones
REGULATION- temp, tissue fluid content, blood pH
DEFENSE SYSTEM-wbc, platelets, clotting factors

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2
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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3
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets (clotting)

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4
Q

Where do all blood cells get made?

A

Red bone marrow

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5
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Carry oxygen

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6
Q

What is the function of leukocyte?

A

Fight infections and defend

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7
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid portion of blood (45%-78%)

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8
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Making of blood

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9
Q

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

A

Making of a cell (any kind) depending on chemical or physiological stimulus and involves numerous cell divisions.

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10
Q

What is heme?

A

Pigment portion, produced in mitochondria, contains iron atoms.

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11
Q

What is globin?

A

Protein portion, produced in ribosomes

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12
Q

Heme group can carry how many molecules of oxygen?

A

One molecule of oxygen

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13
Q

Four heme groups can attach to how many globin molecules?

A

One globin molecule

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14
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen

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15
Q

One oxygen molecule is associated with how many iron molecules?

A

One iron molecule

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16
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen

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17
Q

What is cell senescence?

A

When a cell dies

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18
Q

What happens in rbc senescence?

A
  • Enzyme activity decreases
  • cell deforms, becomes rounder and volume decreases
  • extravascular hemolysis
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19
Q

What is extravascular hemolysis?

A

Rbc membrane is destroyed, iron goes to red bone marrow and amino acids go to the liver for re-use.

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20
Q

What is intravascular hemolysis?

A

Rbc in circulation are subjected to stress, destruction and hemoglobin released into the blood.

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21
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

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22
Q

What is anemia caused from?

A

Blood loss, increased rbc destruction, decreased rbc production and iron deficiency

23
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increase in number of RBC

24
Q

What are the 3 types of polycythemia?

A

Relative polycythemia
Compensatory
Rubea Vera

25
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss. (Vomiting, diarrhea)

26
Q

What is compensatory polycythemia?

A

Result of hypoxia (high altitudes)

27
Q

What is polycythemia Rubra Vera?

A

Red bone marrow disorder

28
Q

What are the two immune systems?

A

Specific and non specific

29
Q

What are the two immune systems?

A

Specific and non specific

30
Q

What are the actions of the immune system?

A
  • Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign cells
  • lysis of foreign membranes
  • inactivation of pathogens
31
Q

What does non specific immunity do?

A
  • Mechanical barriers-skin and mucous membranes
  • Chemical barriers
  • inflammatory response-tissue damage releases chemical factors
  • phagocytosis by neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages
  • natural killer cells
  • interferon- protein produced by cell after it has been infected , inhibits further development and spread of virus
32
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Process that wbc use to go from circulation into tissue spaces

33
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Process that attracts wbc to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection

34
Q

What is circulating pool?

A

Within lumen of blood vessels

35
Q

What is a marginal pool?

A

Line the walls of small blood vessels mainly in the spleen, lungs and abdominal organs.

36
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Most numerous, first guys to fight. Have 2-5 segments. They phagocytosis.

37
Q

What are eosinophils? (Allergies and parasites)

A

Spend a lot of time in the tissue. They have anti-flammatories and phagocytosis

38
Q

What is eosinophila?

A

Increase in eosinophils

39
Q

What are basophils?

A

Granules contain histamine and heparin. Histamine helps initiate inflammation and allergic reactions. Heparin acts as anticoagulant and keeps blood flowing to an injured area

40
Q

Why are mast cells?

A

Tissue basophils

41
Q

What is a monocytes?

A
  • largest wbc in circulation
  • phagocytic cells
  • known as tissue macrophages
  • clean up
  • show up at end
42
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

Increase number of monocytes.

43
Q

What is monocytopenia?

A

Decreased number of monocytes

44
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

Only attack specific pathogens

45
Q

What do non specific immunities attack?

A

Any pathogens

46
Q

How many cells to specific immunity have?

A

Two. B and T cells

47
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • no phagocytic abilities
  • live in lymphoid tissues
  • born in bone marrow
48
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A
  • t cells
  • b cells
  • natural killer cells
49
Q

What are T-cells?

A

Produced in thymus before going to lymphoid tissue. Responsible for cell mediated immunity and for activating B cells.

50
Q

What are B-cells?

A

Responsible for antibody production. Are in lymph nodes and spleen.

51
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells.

52
Q

What is a complement?

A

Group of enzymes in plasma that can be activated by the attachment of and antibody to an antigen.

53
Q

What is a natural killer cell?

A

Don’t have to be activated by a specific antigen. Can kill some killer cells and must come in direct contact to kill.

54
Q

What are immunoglobulin?

A

Antibodies

Physiology and Pharmacology (5 decks)

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