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Introduction to Learning > Chapter 4 - Basic Phenomena > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Basic Phenomena Flashcards

1
Q

What is the asymptote of conditioning?

A

The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a particular situation.

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2
Q

What is the maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in any given situation?

A

The asymptote of conditioning.

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3
Q

What was one of Pavlov’s early observations on the ease of conditioning in dogs?

A

Dogs who are shy and withdrawn are more easily conditioned than active and outgoing dogs.

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4
Q

How does latent inhibition link with schizophrenia?

A

Patients with schizophrenia carry out less latent inhibition, making it more difficult for them to ignore irrelevant stimuli (more easily condition with familiar stimuli, rather than just novel stimuli), increasing their attention to background noise, for example.

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5
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS with a US.

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6
Q

What is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS with a US?

A

Acquisition

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7
Q

What is blocking?

A

The prevention of conditioning with a new CS due to the association with a pre-existing CS.

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8
Q

What is the prevention of conditioning with a new CS due to the association with a pre-existing CS called?

A

Blocking

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9
Q

What is a compound stimulus?

A

A complex stimulus which involves the presentation of two or more individual stimuli at the same time.

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10
Q

What is the presentation of two or more individual stimuli at the same time referred to?

A

A compound stimulus

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11
Q

What is disinhibition?

A

The sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced

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12
Q

What can the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced be called?

A

Disinhibition

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13
Q

What is experimental neurosis?

A

An experimentally produced disorder in which animals develop neurotic-like symptoms when exposed to unpredictable events.

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14
Q

What is external inhibition?

A

A decrease in strength of the conditioned response due to the presentation of a novel stimulus.

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15
Q

What is a decrease in strength of the conditioned response due to the presentation of a novel stimulus?

A

External inhibition

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16
Q

What is extinction?

A

The repeated presentation of the CS without the US, to weaken the conditioned response.

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17
Q

What is the repeated presentation of the CS without the US, to weaken the conditioned response?

A

Extinction.

18
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

The process in which a neutral stimulus that is associated with a CS also becomes a CS. e.g. a CS, a tone, elicits salivation. The tone is then paired with a flash of light, which eventually can elicit salivation on it’s own (meaning it has become a CS).

19
Q

Which process involves a neutral stimulus, that associated with a CS, becoming a CS. e.g. a CS, a tone, elicits salivation. The tone is then paired with a flash of light, which eventually can elicit salivation on it’s own (meaning it has become a CS).

A

Higher order conditioning

20
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

The phenomenon whereby a familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS.

21
Q

The phenomenon whereby a familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS.

A

Latent inhibition

22
Q

What is occasion setting?

A

A procedure in which a stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated.

23
Q

A procedure in which a stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated.

A

Occasion setting

24
Q

What is overshadowing?

A

It is the dominance of a more salient stimulus, when presented with another less salient stimulus, to be conditioned.

25
Q

It is the dominance of a more salient stimulus, when presented with another less salient stimulus, to be conditioned.

A

Overshadowing

26
Q

What is pseudo-conditioning?

A

A situation in which an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitisation rather than conditioning

27
Q

A situation in which an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitisation rather than conditioning

A

Pseudo-conditioning

28
Q

What is semantic generalisation?

A

The generalisation of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS.

29
Q

The generalisation of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS.

A

Semantic generalisation

30
Q

What is sensory preconditioning?

A

A phenomenon in which a stimulus can become a CS (despite never being paired with the US) due to it’s prior conditioning with another CS which has been conditioned with the CS.

31
Q

A phenomenon in which a stimulus can become a CS (despite never being paired with the US) due to it’s prior conditioning with another CS which has been conditioned with the CS.

A

Sensory preconditioning

32
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of a conditioned response to a CS following a rest period after extinction

33
Q

The reappearance of a conditioned response to a CS following a rest period after extinction

A

Spontaneous recovery

34
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.

35
Q

The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.

A

Stimulus discrimination

36
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

A

The tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS.

37
Q

The tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS.

A

Stimulus generalisation

38
Q

What is temporal conditioning?

A

A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time

39
Q

A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time

A

Temporal conditioning

40
Q

What is US revaluation?

A

A process that involves the post-conditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, which alters the strength of response to the previously conditioned CS.

41
Q

A process that involves the post-conditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, which alters the strength of response to the previously conditioned CS.

A

US revaluation

Introduction to Learning (10 decks)

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