Chapter 4 - America As A Growing Nation Flashcards
1
Q
- John Marshall
A
- Former Chief Justice of the u.s supreme court
- Decision of Marbury vs Madison case
- Legitimized Supreme Court ability to judge constitutionality acts of the president or Congress’s
2
Q
- Marbury v. Madison
A
- Established policy of judicial review
- Decision strengthened federal government not state
3
Q
- “Strict” vs “Loose” construction
A
- Strict ( legal philosophy that limits or restricts judicial interpretation )
- Loose ( broad interpretation of a statue or document by a court )
4
Q
- Louisiana Purchase
A
- Jefferson bought land west from Napoleon ( France broke )
- Doubles U.S./ Control of Mississippi/ Preserve agrarian society for future generations
5
Q
- Embargo Act of 1807 / Non-Intercourse Act
A
- Cuts off all foreign trade to foreign counties ( Not Affective )
- Aimed for respect from France and Britain an to stop impressment
- Cuts of trade with only France and GB ( Still not very affective)
6
Q
- War Hawks
A
- Pro War
- Southern / Western congressmen
7
Q
- Techumuseh and the Prophet
A
- Attempted to organize a confederacy of all tribes east of the Mississippi
- Defeated by William Henry “Battle of Tippercanoe”
8
Q
- War of 1812
A
- 2nd war of independence
- Macon’s bill no. 2
- Repeals restrictions to ( France or GB ) for inclusive trade
9
Q
- Midnight Judges
A
- Appointed by John Adams
- Life time appointments , “federalist in position of power”
10
Q
- Treaty of Ghent
A
- 1814 Christmas Eve
- Ended war of 1812
- Retained the prewar boarders of the United States
11
Q
- Hartford Convention
A
- New England Federalist Party met to discuss grievances concerning war 1812
- Political problems arise from federal government increase in power
12
Q
- “Era of Good Feelings”
A
- Marked period that reflect a sense of national purpose
- Desire of unity after war of 1812
- Post War Nationalism
13
Q
- American Romanticism / Knickerbockers
A
- Focused on American ideals/ tradition/ unique characteristics
- Literature (knickerbockers)
14
Q
- Panic of 1819
A
- 1st major economic crisis of U.S.
- Farmers and planters face 30% economic drop in world agriculture/ farmers income decline/ could not pay debts owed stores and banks/ went bankrupt
15
Q
- “Wildcat” banks
A
- Banks charted under state law during non federal regulated state banking (1816-1864)
- Free banking era
16
Q
- Henry Clay and American banking system
A
- Mercantilist system of national economic development advocated by Henry Clay ( John Quincy Adams )
- National bank to manage nations financial system
17
Q
- Cumberland Road
A
- National road ( west Maryland to Illinois )
- 1st major highway in U.S. To be built by federal government
18
Q
- Monroe Doctrine
A
- 1823 declaration of president James Monroe
- Western Hemisphere closed to further colonization or interference of European powers
- Monroe pledged U.S. would not be involved with European struggles
19
Q
- Corrupt Bargain
A
- Andrew Jackson supporters accused John Quincy Adams Presidency connected to John Clay
- Clay used influence as speaker of the house to elect Adams over Jackson in election 1824
20
Q
- Spoils System
A
- Awarding of public jobs to political supporters after and electoral victory
- 1829 Andrew Jackson institutes system on national level
- argues rotation of office holder was preferable to a permanent group of bureaucrats
21
Q
- Alexis de Tocqueville
A
- Traveled the U.S in 1831 returned with wealthy broader observations
- Codified “Democracy in America”
- Foreigner
22
Q
- Democratic Party
A
- One of the two major contemporary political party
- Andrew Jackson ( south west )
- opposed 2nd Bus
- opposed high protective tariff
23
Q
- Nullification Crisis
A
- Sectional crisis during presidency of Andrew Jackson
- involved a confrontation between SC and the federal government
24
Q
- Tariff of 1828
A
- Protection tariff passed by the congress
- Protect industry in the northern U.S.
25
Q
- Force Bill
A
- Overrode SC efforts to nullify federal laws during nullification crisis
- First law to explicitly deny that states had right to secede as well
26
Q
- Indian Removal Act and The Trail of Tears
A
- Law authorized president negotiation with Indian tribes in south
- Removal to federal territory west of Mississippi
- Forced removal of Cherokee ( journey )
27
Q
- Cherokee Nations v. Georgia
A
- Cherokee fought for defense against against Indian removal act
- John Marshall ruled that Cherokee had “an unquestionable right”
28
Q
- Worcester v. Georgia
A
- Cherokee Indians entitled to federal protection from the actions
- Which would infringe on the tribe’s sovereignty Jackson ignored
29
Q
- Bank War
A
- Political struggle that developed over the issue recharge ring the 2nd (BUS)
- During Jackson administration
29
Q
- Whigs
A
- Political Faction to Political Party
- Contested power against rival (Tories )
- Constitutional monarchism opposition to absolute monarchy
30
Q
- Specie Circular
A
- Issued by Andrew Jackson
- 1836 U.S. Presidential executive order in pursuant to the coinage act
31
Q
- Panic of 1837
A
- Financial crisis in the U.S.
- Pessimism abounded, major recession
- profits/ prices/ wages went down, unemployment went up
32
Q
- Roger B. Taney
A
- 5th Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme courts
33
Q
- Missouri Compromise
A
- effort by congress to defuse the sectional an political rivalries triggered request of Missouri
- permitted slavery in administered (evenly divided slave/no slave states) is
34
Q
- Tallmadge amendment
A
- Bill requesting the Territory of Missouri to be admitted to the union as a free state
35
Q
- Manifest Destiny
A
- Attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion
- Helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico
36
Q
- Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
A
- Popular campaign song of the Whig party
- Praises William Henry / John Tyler as denigrates Martin Van Buren
37
Q
- Lone Star Rebellion
A
- Texas Declare its independence in 1836 by Sam Houston (commander in chief of Texas)
- Forced Santa Anna to sign treaty in 1836 after Houston captured battle of San Jacinto
38
Q
- 49’s
A
- California Gold Rush
- Traces of gold in the foothills of Sierra Nevada
- Major Immigration increase
39
Q
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
A
- officially entitled the treaty of peace/ friendship/ limits/ settlement
- between U.S. and Mexican Republic
40
Q
- Gadsden Purchase
A
- Treaty agreement between U.S. and Mexico
- Finalized in 1854
- U.S. bought 29,670 square miles of Mexico (Arizona, New Mexico)
41
Q
- Webster - Ashburton Treaty
A
- 1852 resolving several border issues between U.S and British North American policies
- Resolved the Aroostock war
42
Q
- Oregon Trail
A
- Overland trail of more than two thousand miles
- Carrier led American settlers from the Midwest to new settlement In Oregon California and Utah
43
Q
- “54 40’ or fight”
A
- 50 40’ line of latitude as the Oregon border
- Did not agree to 49’ by president Polk
44
Q
- Irish and German immigrants of 1840s (impact on U.S)
A
- Created fear and hatred between Americans towards immigrants because of influx
- Caused conflict between Irish and Germans later
45
Q
- Nativism
A
- Protecting the I treat or native-born inhabitants against immigrants
- Emphasis on traditional local customs
46
Q
- “Know Nothings” American Party
A
- American political movement operated national basis during mid1850
- Promised to purify American politics by limiting influence of immigrants
47
Q
- Market Revolution
A
- Expansion of the market place that occurred in the nineteenth - Century
- Prompted construction of new road and canals to collect distant communities together
48
Q
- Erie Canal
A
- Canal in New York
- On the Hudson River to Buffalo
- Built to create a navigable water route from New York/ Atlantic Ocean/ Great Lakes
49
Q
134.. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable parts
A
- Interchangeable parts developed into idea of muskets by Eli Whitney
- The cotton gin revolutionized cotton industry and factory production of fabric
50
Q
- Iron Horse
A
- Steam Locomotive (Train)
- Switched horse powered transportation to machinery
- Made travel faster and more sufficient
51
Q
- Second Great Awakening
A
- 2nd Religious revival movement during the early 19th century in U.S.
- Rise of membership among Baptists and Methodist
52
Q
- Charles G. Finned and the “burned over district”
A
- Refer to the western and central regions of New York
- Religious revivals forming of new religious movements of 2nd Great Awakening
53
Q
- Joseph Smith and Brigham Young
A
- Both prophets of the church
- Young (founder of Salt Lake City)
54
Q
- Utopian Communities
A
- considered as a new age in human civilization
- Led by a leader of high religious and secularist moral ideals
55
Q
- Horace Mann
A
- American Politician and education reformer
- Devoted to promoting speedy modernization
- founder for education
56
Q
- Dorothea Dix
A
- American activist on behalf of the indigent insane
- Created first generation of American mental asylums
57
Q
- Cult of domesticity/ Separate spheres ideology
A
- Cult of true womanhood view about woman in the 1800s
- Belief that women should stay at home instead of working outside
- More religious then men 2. Purity (heart/mind/body) 3. Submit to their husbands 4. Stay at home
58
Q
- Seneca Falls convention
A
- First woman’s rights convention
- Discussed the social civil and religious condition and rights of woman
59
Q
- Transcendentalism
A
- American literary political and philosophical movement of the early 19th century
- Centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson
60
Q
- Henry David Thoreau “On Civil Disobedience” and Walden
A
- Resistance to civil government
- Permits government to overrule atrophy of their conscience (duty to avoid injustice)
- Motivated by slavery and Mexican-American war
61
Q
- Ralph Waldo Emerson “Self Reliance”
A
- By Transcendentalism philosopher
- Need for individual to avoid conformity and false consistency
- Analysis the nature of “aboriginal self on which a universal may be grounded”
62
Q
- Temperance Movement
A
- Social movement against consumption of alcoholic beverages
