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Mechanisms of Disease > Chapter 4: Altered Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Altered Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

the process by which the body recognizes foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage

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2
Q

specificity

A

the immune cells seek out and destroy targeted foreign invaders

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3
Q

memory

A

the immune cells produce substances that remember and more easily destroy return offenders

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4
Q

immunology

A

the study of the structure and function of the immune system, immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy

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5
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immune response that is stimulated when specialized cells come in contact with an antigen

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6
Q

antigen

A

a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune response

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7
Q

lymphoid progenitor

A

precursor cell to natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes

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8
Q

myeloid progenitor

A

precursor to monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells

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9
Q

T lymphocytes

A

mature and fully differentiate in the thymus; require contact with antigen to proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic, helper, or suppressor T cells

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10
Q

suppressor T lymphocytes

A

limit/inhibit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

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11
Q

T cell receptor (TCR)

A

receptor unique to an antigen that is able to bind to that specific antigen and promote and specific immune response

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12
Q

B lymphocytes

A

develop in the bone marrow and migrate to peripherla lymphoid tissues when they are activated by an antigen to differentiate to plasma cells or become memory cells

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13
Q

B-cell receptor (BCR)

A

antigen-specific receptor on the plasma membrane of B cells

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14
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

globular proteins which are secreted antibodies that detect antigens

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15
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

large, granular lymphocytes that are active in innate immunity and kill infected or tumor cells

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16
Q

granulocytes

A

polymorphonuclear, phagocytic WBCs with granules

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17
Q

neutrophils

A

most common granulocyte that rapidly responds to bacterial infection and responds first in inflammatory response

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18
Q

eosinophils

A

protect against parasites

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19
Q

basophils

A

compliment mast cells and are important for allergic reactions

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20
Q

monocytes

A

large, mononuclear leukocytes that are immature until activated by an antigen

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21
Q

macrophage

A

mature monocyte that digest antigen-carrying cells and antigens

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22
Q

dendritic cells

A

mature dendritic cells take antigens to lymph nodes for B and T cell activation

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23
Q

langerhans cells

A

immature dendritic cells in the skin

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24
Q

lymph

A

liquid filtration product of extracellular fluid from tissues that is returned to blood

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25
Q

lymph nodes

A

joined segments of lymphatic vessels

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26
Q

naive lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that have not yet encountered the antigen

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27
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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28
Q

innate immunity

A

first responder to injury that is rapid and nonspecific

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29
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

cells that present digested antigens on the outside

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30
Q

humoral immunity

A

adaptive immunity that involves antibodies

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31
Q

antibodies

A

immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way

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32
Q

effector cells

A

plasma cells that secrete antibodies

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33
Q

memory cells

A

activated, mature B cells that remain after the antigen is eliminated

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34
Q

immunologic memory

A

ability of the immune system to recognize antigens

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35
Q

clonal selection

A

clones of B cells carrying specific BCRs for specific antigens

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36
Q

clonal expansion

A

B cell clones differentiate into plasma cells

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37
Q

neutralization

A

binding of antigen to the antibody so that the antigen cannot infect cells

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38
Q

opsonization

A

promoting phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen through the phagocyte’s ability to recognize that constant region of the antibody

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39
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

a component of the adaptive immune response that results in the recognition and destruction of cells with non-self antigens

40
Q

epitope

A

the part of the antigen to which an antibody attaches

41
Q

clusters of differentiation (CDs)

A

membrane surface molecules that determine functions and responses of T cells

42
Q

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 T cells)

A

T cells that destroy infected or tumor cells

43
Q

helper T lymphocytes (CD4 T cells)

A

T cells that enhance the cell-mediated response

44
Q

TH1 cells

A

T helper cells that activate macrophages, secrete chemokines and cytokines to attract macrophages, promote fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing bacteria, and stimulate phagocytosis

45
Q

TH2 cells

A

T helper cells that activate B cells to produce antibodies

46
Q

human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)

A

MHC molecules that display antigens

47
Q

MHC class I molecule

A

found on nucleated body cells and is recognized by cytotoxic CD8 lymphocytes

48
Q

MHC class II molecule

A

found on APCs and is recognized by helper CD4 T lymphocytes

49
Q

host

A

person on which the pathogen lives

50
Q

antigenic variation

A

when pathogens have multiple variations of antigens that trick T and B lymphocytes and make recognition difficult

51
Q

latency

A

a period of inactivity for viruses where it is not being replicated and remains undetected

52
Q

immunodeficiency

A

immunosuppression due to impaired immune responsiveness

53
Q

hypersensitivity

A

excessive immune responses to allergens

54
Q

allergens

A

antigens commonly considered to be harmless

55
Q

immediate hypersensitivity reactions/type I reactions

A

immediate IgE-mediated reactions to soluble antigens that induce allergic response of inflammation or anaphylaxis

56
Q

atopic

A

IgE responses are stimulated from exposure to typically benign substances

57
Q

anaphylaxis

A

edema and vasodilation that leads to hypotension

58
Q

type II antibody-mediated reactions

A

IgG or IgM mediated, tissue-specific response to normal antigens on cells or drugs

59
Q

type III immune complex-mediated reactions

A

IgG and IgM mediated cellular and tissue damage caused by complement activation stimulated by antigen-antibody complexes that clog vessels and tissue

60
Q

serum sickness

A

local signs and symptoms of rash and itching with systemic edema and fever due to antigen-antibody complexes clogging blood vessels and tissue

61
Q

Arthus reaction

A

complex-mediated immune response results in localized tissue necrosis in the skin

62
Q

type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions

A

T cell-mediated reactions that cause in inflammatory response that results in cell lysis

63
Q

direct cell-mediated toxicity

A

damage to cells and tissues as a direct response to CD8 cytotoxic T cell destruction of cells with recognized antigens, which can be more harmful than the pathogen

64
Q

delayed hypersensitivity reactions

A

CD4 helper T cells respond to antigens to stimulate response against unharmful molecules

65
Q

sensitization phase

A

phase of delayed hypersensitivty that begins when the antigen crosses the skin and are presented to T helper cells to activate them and produce memory cells

66
Q

elicitation phase

A

memory T cells in the dermis are stimulated by subsequent exposure to the antigen and cytokines and chemokines are released to attract macrophages and T cells, which produces local swelling and contact dermatitis

67
Q

autoimmunity

A

immune response directed at one’s own tissues

68
Q

lymphocyte ignorance

A

converting lymphocytes from nonresponsive to self-reactive

69
Q

molecular mimicry

A

close resemblance between foreign and self-antigen

70
Q

familial tendency

A

propagation of autoimmunity among family members

71
Q

regulatory T cells

A

suppressor T cells that are able to suppress autoreactive lymphocytes and regulate the immune response

72
Q

alloimmunity

A

when an immune response is stimulated in response to the presence of cells from another individual of the same species

73
Q

grafts

A

unattached tissues or organs used for implantations

74
Q

polymorphic

A

occurring in more than one form

75
Q

polygenic

A

containing several MHC class I and II genes

76
Q

autograft

A

grafts from different sites on the same person

77
Q

syngenic

A

grafts from genetically identical individuals/monozygotic twins

78
Q

allograft

A

graft between unrelated individuals

79
Q

alloantigens

A

proteins that vary between individuals

80
Q

alloantibodies

A

antibodies produced against alloantigens

81
Q

hyperacute graft rejection

A

rapid rejection of grafts due to alloantibodies

82
Q

graft versus host disease (GVHD)

A

when the T cells of the donor recognize the recipient’s body as being different or foreign and mount and attack

83
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into healthy blood cells

84
Q

vaccines

A

stimulating immunity through exposure to antigen

85
Q

attenuated

A

reduced ability to cause disease

86
Q

conjugated vaccines

A

vaccines that promote activations of more than one cell type

87
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

the loss of cell-mediated and humoral immunity due to the loss of CD4 Th1 lymphocytes caused by HIV

88
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

enveloped retrovirus that infects CD4 helper cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages and results in a loss of CD4 T cells

89
Q

seroconversion

A

asymptomatic period when one develops antibodies to HIV

90
Q

urticaria

A

itching

91
Q

angioedema

A

sudden subcutaneous swelling

92
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

autoimmune disease that is a result of persistent antibody-antigen complex deposition and inflammation

93
Q

quiescence

A

decreased symptoms

94
Q

Rh isoimmunization

A

direct antigen-antibody hypersensitivity reaction between a mother and her fetus that results in cell destruction of the fetal red blood cells

95
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

cell destruction of the fetal red blood cells that causes hemolytic anemia in the fetus or newborn

96
Q

hydrops fetalis

A

swollen fetal tissues

97
Q

kernicterus

A

brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposits in the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei

Mechanisms of Disease (4 decks)

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