Chapter 3: Inflammation and Tissue Repair Flashcards
immune response
the body’s line of defense, which wages a specific defense mechanism targeted at certain harmful invaders in the body
injury
any form of damage or alteration to cells or tissues
vascular response
increasing blood flow to the site of injury
cellular response
alerting the products of healing to attend to the site of injury
vasodilate
blood vessels widen to accommodate increased blood flow
permeable
loose to let cells to the site of injury
endothelial cells
simple squamous cells that line the inside of the circulatory system
basement membrane
noncellular sheet that separates the vessels/organs from other tissues of the body
exudate
watery fluid at site of injury that has a high protein and leukocyte concentration
inflammatory mediators
chemicals in the plasma and cells that facilitate the process of widening and loosening the blood vessels at the site of injury
mast cell
leukocyte found in connective tissues and near blood vessels that release inflammatory mediators, including histamine and seratonin
degranulation
cell breaks apart to release extracellular granules
basophil
granulocyte that releases inflammatory mediators (e.g. histamine) and is important for allergy response
cytokines
cell proteins often within leukocytes that regulate inflammation
monokines
cytokines released from monocytes or macrophages
platelet-activating factor
potent lipid inflammatory mediator that plays a role in promoting vessel vasodilation, clotting, and attracting infection-fighting WBCs
arachidonic acid
substance derived from plasma membrane of injured cell that generates inflammatory mediators prostaglandins, lipoxins, leukotrienes, and thromboxane
autoimmunity
a self-attack against body tissus
chemotaxis
process of moving certain cells to the injury site
chemotatic factors
inflammatory mediators that attract specific cells
cellular adherence
cell attraction and binding that is regulated by chemotatic factors and surface receptors
diapedesis
cells can move between and through endothelial junctions
cardinal signs
local manifestations of acute inflammation that include redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function
erythema
redness due ot vasodilation
edema
swelling due to accumulation of exudate due to increased vascular permeability
lymphadenitis
enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes
pyrexia
fever; elevated core body temperature that occurs when inflammatory mediators act on the hypothalamus
leukocytosis
elevation of WBCs above 10,000/mm^3
acute phase reactants
plasma proteins that are increased with inflammation and are inflammation markers
hemostasis
stopping of blood flow to form a clot
thrombus
protective clot and subsequent scab that form a physical barrier for the wound
extracellular matrix (ECM)
the layers of architectural structures that support cells, including basement membrane and connective tissues
re-epithelialization
movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound
parenchyma
functional tissue made up of cells with a specific function
fibroblasts
cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer and secrete collagen
collagen
protein secreted by collagen fibers that fills in the gaps left after removal of damaged tissues
elastin
allows stretching and recoil of tissue and is resistant to damage
glycoproteins
regulate cell movement across the matrix, provide a place for attachment of cells to matrix, and prompt the cells to function
provisional matrix
temporary ECM that promotes healing by decreasing blood and fluid loss at the site and attracting and supporting fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal cells
granulation tissue
connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts, and the promotion of angiogenesis
angiogenesis
generation of new blood vessels
resolution
healing in response to mild injury with minimal disruption to cells, such as a superficial scratch or mild sunburn; the epithelial cells slough and regenerate without incident
regeneration
occurs only in cells that undergo mitotic division and is accomplished through proliferation, differentiation, or diapedesis
proliferation
growth and reproduction
differentiation
cells mature and become specialized
labile cells
cells that are constantly regenerating through mitosis
stable cells
cells that multiply only when needed
replacement
production of scar tissue in extensive wounds if regeneration is not possible
permanent cells
cells that do not undergo mitosis and are unable to regenerate
primary intention
wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously, minimal risk of infection or scarring
secondary intention
wounds heal from the bottom up; slower with a greater risk of infection and scarring
infection
invasion by microorganisms
perfusion
passage of oxygenated blood
ulcer
circumscribed, open, crater-like lesion of the skin or mucous membrane
dehiscence
deficient scar formation, in which the wound splits or bursts open
keloid
hypertrophic scars resulting from excessive collagen production at the injury site
adhesions
fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues, which do not allow the surrounding tissues to move freely
proteinase
enzyme that destroys elastin and other tissue components
granuloma
modular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances
giant cells
phagocytes that can engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage
epithelioid cells
gather and contain smaller substances by forming a wall, or fibrotic granuloma, around the affected area
sinusitis
symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
acute sinusitis
inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting 4 to 8 weeks
ostia
channels in the nose that provide outflow of sinus drainage and prevent backflow and contamination
chronic sinusitis
persistent low-grade inflammation of the paranasal sinuses lasting over 12 weeks with or without flares of acute sinusitis
hyposmia
the reduced ability to smell and detect odors
superficial partial-thickness burns (first-degree)
burn damage to the epidermis with no recrosis or scarring
deep partial-thickness burns (second-degree)
burn damage to the epidermis that also penetrates into the dermis
full-thickness burns
burns that damage the epidermis and dermis and can penetrate the subcutaneous layers
shock
state of inadequate perfusion to peripheral tissues
sepsis
bacterial infection of the blood
eschar
thick, coagulated crust made from dead tissue and exudate
serous exudate
clear fluid that seeps out of the tissues
debridement
process of mechincally removing debris
arthritis
degeneration or inflammation of the joints
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of the synovial membranes with increased synovial exudate, leading to swelling and thickening of the synovial membranes, joint erosion, and pain
pannus
granulation tissue that forms over the inflamed synovium and cartilage as a result of accelerated angiogenesis
ankylosis
impaired joint mobility and debilitating fixation of the joint caused by fibrosis
gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomachthat impairs gastric function
acute gastritis
inflammation in the gastric mucosa most often caused by the ingestion of irritants, such as aspirin, alcohol, or certain microorganisms
hematemesis
vomiting blood
occult
hidden
chronic gastritis
related to an unrelenting injury, such as chronic infection or autoimmunity
dyspepsia
a vague epigastric discomfort associated with nausea and heartburn
pernicious anemia
impaired DNA synthesis in RBCs leads to a marked decrease in RBCs and low hemoglobin levels
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancras resulting in destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes
acute pancreatitis
may occur when there is an injury to the acinar cells , pancreatic duct, or protective digestive feedback mechanisms in the exocrine pancreas
chronic pancreatitis
ongoing inflammatory process of the pancreas characterized by irreversible cellular and tissue changes
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
chronic inflammatory processes most commonly in the small intestine and large intestine, but can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract
Crohn disease
recurrent and characterized by a granulomatous inflammatory process
fistula
abnormal passageway that forms between two segments of bowel or other epithelial tissue
abscess
pocket of purulent exudate
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory condition of the colon
friability
a state where tissue readily bleeds
