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Mechanisms of Disease > Chapter 3: Inflammation and Tissue Repair > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Inflammation and Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

immune response

A

the body’s line of defense, which wages a specific defense mechanism targeted at certain harmful invaders in the body

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2
Q

injury

A

any form of damage or alteration to cells or tissues

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3
Q

vascular response

A

increasing blood flow to the site of injury

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4
Q

cellular response

A

alerting the products of healing to attend to the site of injury

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5
Q

vasodilate

A

blood vessels widen to accommodate increased blood flow

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6
Q

permeable

A

loose to let cells to the site of injury

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7
Q

endothelial cells

A

simple squamous cells that line the inside of the circulatory system

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8
Q

basement membrane

A

noncellular sheet that separates the vessels/organs from other tissues of the body

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9
Q

exudate

A

watery fluid at site of injury that has a high protein and leukocyte concentration

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10
Q

inflammatory mediators

A

chemicals in the plasma and cells that facilitate the process of widening and loosening the blood vessels at the site of injury

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11
Q

mast cell

A

leukocyte found in connective tissues and near blood vessels that release inflammatory mediators, including histamine and seratonin

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12
Q

degranulation

A

cell breaks apart to release extracellular granules

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13
Q

basophil

A

granulocyte that releases inflammatory mediators (e.g. histamine) and is important for allergy response

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14
Q

cytokines

A

cell proteins often within leukocytes that regulate inflammation

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15
Q

monokines

A

cytokines released from monocytes or macrophages

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16
Q

platelet-activating factor

A

potent lipid inflammatory mediator that plays a role in promoting vessel vasodilation, clotting, and attracting infection-fighting WBCs

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17
Q

arachidonic acid

A

substance derived from plasma membrane of injured cell that generates inflammatory mediators prostaglandins, lipoxins, leukotrienes, and thromboxane

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18
Q

autoimmunity

A

a self-attack against body tissus

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19
Q

chemotaxis

A

process of moving certain cells to the injury site

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20
Q

chemotatic factors

A

inflammatory mediators that attract specific cells

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21
Q

cellular adherence

A

cell attraction and binding that is regulated by chemotatic factors and surface receptors

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22
Q

diapedesis

A

cells can move between and through endothelial junctions

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23
Q

cardinal signs

A

local manifestations of acute inflammation that include redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

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24
Q

erythema

A

redness due ot vasodilation

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25
Q

edema

A

swelling due to accumulation of exudate due to increased vascular permeability

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26
Q

lymphadenitis

A

enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes

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27
Q

pyrexia

A

fever; elevated core body temperature that occurs when inflammatory mediators act on the hypothalamus

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28
Q

leukocytosis

A

elevation of WBCs above 10,000/mm^3

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29
Q

acute phase reactants

A

plasma proteins that are increased with inflammation and are inflammation markers

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30
Q

hemostasis

A

stopping of blood flow to form a clot

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31
Q

thrombus

A

protective clot and subsequent scab that form a physical barrier for the wound

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32
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

the layers of architectural structures that support cells, including basement membrane and connective tissues

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33
Q

re-epithelialization

A

movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound

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34
Q

parenchyma

A

functional tissue made up of cells with a specific function

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35
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer and secrete collagen

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36
Q

collagen

A

protein secreted by collagen fibers that fills in the gaps left after removal of damaged tissues

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37
Q

elastin

A

allows stretching and recoil of tissue and is resistant to damage

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38
Q

glycoproteins

A

regulate cell movement across the matrix, provide a place for attachment of cells to matrix, and prompt the cells to function

39
Q

provisional matrix

A

temporary ECM that promotes healing by decreasing blood and fluid loss at the site and attracting and supporting fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal cells

40
Q

granulation tissue

A

connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts, and the promotion of angiogenesis

41
Q

angiogenesis

A

generation of new blood vessels

42
Q

resolution

A

healing in response to mild injury with minimal disruption to cells, such as a superficial scratch or mild sunburn; the epithelial cells slough and regenerate without incident

43
Q

regeneration

A

occurs only in cells that undergo mitotic division and is accomplished through proliferation, differentiation, or diapedesis

44
Q

proliferation

A

growth and reproduction

45
Q

differentiation

A

cells mature and become specialized

46
Q

labile cells

A

cells that are constantly regenerating through mitosis

47
Q

stable cells

A

cells that multiply only when needed

48
Q

replacement

A

production of scar tissue in extensive wounds if regeneration is not possible

49
Q

permanent cells

A

cells that do not undergo mitosis and are unable to regenerate

50
Q

primary intention

A

wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously, minimal risk of infection or scarring

51
Q

secondary intention

A

wounds heal from the bottom up; slower with a greater risk of infection and scarring

52
Q

infection

A

invasion by microorganisms

53
Q

perfusion

A

passage of oxygenated blood

54
Q

ulcer

A

circumscribed, open, crater-like lesion of the skin or mucous membrane

55
Q

dehiscence

A

deficient scar formation, in which the wound splits or bursts open

56
Q

keloid

A

hypertrophic scars resulting from excessive collagen production at the injury site

57
Q

adhesions

A

fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues, which do not allow the surrounding tissues to move freely

58
Q

proteinase

A

enzyme that destroys elastin and other tissue components

59
Q

granuloma

A

modular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances

60
Q

giant cells

A

phagocytes that can engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage

61
Q

epithelioid cells

A

gather and contain smaller substances by forming a wall, or fibrotic granuloma, around the affected area

62
Q

sinusitis

A

symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

63
Q

acute sinusitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting 4 to 8 weeks

64
Q

ostia

A

channels in the nose that provide outflow of sinus drainage and prevent backflow and contamination

65
Q

chronic sinusitis

A

persistent low-grade inflammation of the paranasal sinuses lasting over 12 weeks with or without flares of acute sinusitis

66
Q

hyposmia

A

the reduced ability to smell and detect odors

67
Q

superficial partial-thickness burns (first-degree)

A

burn damage to the epidermis with no recrosis or scarring

68
Q

deep partial-thickness burns (second-degree)

A

burn damage to the epidermis that also penetrates into the dermis

69
Q

full-thickness burns

A

burns that damage the epidermis and dermis and can penetrate the subcutaneous layers

70
Q

shock

A

state of inadequate perfusion to peripheral tissues

71
Q

sepsis

A

bacterial infection of the blood

72
Q

eschar

A

thick, coagulated crust made from dead tissue and exudate

73
Q

serous exudate

A

clear fluid that seeps out of the tissues

74
Q

debridement

A

process of mechincally removing debris

75
Q

arthritis

A

degeneration or inflammation of the joints

76
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of the synovial membranes with increased synovial exudate, leading to swelling and thickening of the synovial membranes, joint erosion, and pain

77
Q

pannus

A

granulation tissue that forms over the inflamed synovium and cartilage as a result of accelerated angiogenesis

78
Q

ankylosis

A

impaired joint mobility and debilitating fixation of the joint caused by fibrosis

79
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomachthat impairs gastric function

80
Q

acute gastritis

A

inflammation in the gastric mucosa most often caused by the ingestion of irritants, such as aspirin, alcohol, or certain microorganisms

81
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

82
Q

occult

A

hidden

83
Q

chronic gastritis

A

related to an unrelenting injury, such as chronic infection or autoimmunity

84
Q

dyspepsia

A

a vague epigastric discomfort associated with nausea and heartburn

85
Q

pernicious anemia

A

impaired DNA synthesis in RBCs leads to a marked decrease in RBCs and low hemoglobin levels

86
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancras resulting in destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes

87
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

may occur when there is an injury to the acinar cells , pancreatic duct, or protective digestive feedback mechanisms in the exocrine pancreas

88
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

ongoing inflammatory process of the pancreas characterized by irreversible cellular and tissue changes

89
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

chronic inflammatory processes most commonly in the small intestine and large intestine, but can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract

90
Q

Crohn disease

A

recurrent and characterized by a granulomatous inflammatory process

91
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passageway that forms between two segments of bowel or other epithelial tissue

92
Q

abscess

A

pocket of purulent exudate

93
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory condition of the colon

94
Q

friability

A

a state where tissue readily bleeds

Mechanisms of Disease (4 decks)

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