Chapter 2: Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress Flashcards
plasma (cell) membrane
barrier that separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment
phospholipid
phosphate (PO4-) bound to lipid
hydrophilic
polar; has an affinity for water
hydrophobic
nonpolar; lacking an affinity to water
glycolipid
carbohydrate bound to lipid
transmembrane protein
protein that passes through the entire membrane
integral protein
protein inside the membrane that is tightly bound to lipid tails
peripheral protein
proteins that do not pass through the entire membrane and project into the intercellular or extracellular environment
cytoplasm
everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus (water, proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen, pigments)
organelle
tiny structure within the cytoplasm that has distinct function essential to the cellular survival
cytosol
fluid within the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
-complex network of tubules that produces proteins and fats
-important in regulation of ions
-rough: contains ribosomes bound to membrane that synthesize proteins
-smooth: synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones and regulates intracellular calcium
Golgi apparatus
membranous structure that prepares substances produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell
lysosome
small sac surrounded by membrane that digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes and is important for metabolism of particular substances
peroxisome
membrane-enclosed sac smaller than lysosome that contains oxidases that neutralize free radicals and promotes survival of the cell by neutralizing harmful substances that could damage cell
mitochondrion
-site of aerobic cellular respiration
-principle source of ATP
-contains the cytochrome enzymes of terminal electron transport necessary for ATP production
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
hereditary material carrying the cell’s genetic instructions that is copied in cellular reproduction
chromosome
coiled structure of tightly packed chromatin that forms the genetic code
chromatin
DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins
genes
individual units of inheritance ,or pieces of DNA, that are arranged along the chromosome
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
material responsible for the control of protein synthesis
cytoskeleton
a framework of proteins organized into filaments and tubules that contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport
diffusion
movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
concentration gradient
difference in concentration
membrane pore
passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment
osmosis
process by which water passively moves across semipermeable plasma membrane
osmotic pressure
pressure generated by osmosis
facilitated diffusion
movement of substances across the membrane with the help of transport proteins
membrane potential
electrical charge inside a plasma membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid
active transport
transport that requires energy when moving particles across the plasma membrane
electrochemical gradient
difference in electric charge/ions
primary active transport
direct use of energy to move particles across their gradient
secondary active transport
when movement of a second substance depends on the energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance
cotransport/symport
systems in which substances are transported in the same direction
countertransport/antiport
substances are transported in the opposite directions
endocytosis
process used to transport large substances into cells
pinocytosis
ATP-requiring process of ingesting contents of small liquid-containing vesicles
phagocytosis
process of ingesting lage particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components
phagocytes
cells that ingest large particles
phagosome
phagocyte that has ingested a particle and will fuse with lysosome
secretion
extracellular release of products
exocytosis
vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and empty their contents into the extracellular environment
anaerobic respiration
process of ATP production that occurs without oxygen
aerobic respiration
chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose
glycolysis
anaerobic process of breaking down glucose
citric acid cycle
process that breaks down sugars, fats, and proteins to produce products used for energy production in the mitochondria
feedback mechanisms
response of input to a system by generation of output in a given system
receptor
proteins that binds signals on the plasma membrane or within the cell
ligand
signal molecule that binds to receptor in a specific way to begin signal transduction
signal transduction
process of communication within and between cells
binding affinity
tightness or strength of binding
paracrine signaling
ligand binding to receptor results in signal transduction with a local, rapid effect
endocrine signaling
when signal transduction affects cell behavior within the entire organism
hormones
ligands involved in endocrine signaling
proliferation
increase in cell number
differentiation
changes in physical and functional properties of cells; occurs by repression of expression of certain genes
atrophy
decrease in individual cell size due to decrease in function demand of cell, decreased oxygen supply, signals are removed, nutritional deprivation, or aging
ischemia
decreased oxygen supply to the cell
involution
shrinkage
spinal muscular atrophy
results from disuse of caused by impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue
hypertrophy
increase in cell size due to growth signals or increased demand
adenoid hypertrophy
enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area that can result in obstruction of the nasal passage
hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to hormone signaling or increased workload
metaplasia
changing of one cell type to another due to a peristent stressor
dysplasia
change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure due to a chronic and persistent stressor and is caused by abnormal differentiation of dividing cells
mutations
changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
condition in which prolonged exposure to high oxygen during early newborn period results in thickened bronchial and alveolar tissues that reduce the ability to take air into the lungs, oxygenate tissues, and excrete waste products
apoptosis
programmed cell death prompted by a genetic signal that is designed to replace old cells with new
syndactyly
the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue
necrosis
disorderly cell death related to cell injury and associated with local inflammation and death of nearby cells
mechanical injury
impact of a body part causing direct injury, such as abrasion
thermal injury
caused by temperature, occurs with burns and frostbite
endogenous
from within the body system
exogenous
from the external environement
deficit injury
cell is deprived of exygenation, hydration, and nutrition
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the raction between oxygen and water during mitochondrial respiration; superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-)
free radical injury
cellular damage resulting from ROS
cerebral atrophy
the reduction in size of the neuron cells in the cerebrum of the brain that leads to brain tissue reduction
cardiac hypertrophy
disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand
compliance
expected distentensibility or expansion
syncope
fainting
acromegaly
condition of hyperplasia prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation
gigantism
excessive growth due to excessive production of growth hormone
adjuvant therapy
applied after the initial treatment
cervix
region at the lower end of the uterus that dips into the vagina
squamous epithelium
flat, sheet-like cells that are usually a protective liner
exocervix/ectocervix
portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina
columnar epithelium
tall, slender cells that create a lining
endocervix
portion of the cervix opening into the uterus
cervical os/external os
opening at the center of the exocervix
squamocolumnar junction
location where the squamous and columnar cells merge
transformation zone
area of the cervix where different cell types merge
oncogenic
cancer causing
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
collection of cells from the exocervix and endocervix for screening
mainstream smoke
active or firsthand smoke
