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Mechanisms of Disease > Chapter 2: Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress Flashcards

1
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A

barrier that separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment

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2
Q

phospholipid

A

phosphate (PO4-) bound to lipid

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3
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar; has an affinity for water

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4
Q

hydrophobic

A

nonpolar; lacking an affinity to water

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5
Q

glycolipid

A

carbohydrate bound to lipid

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6
Q

transmembrane protein

A

protein that passes through the entire membrane

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7
Q

integral protein

A

protein inside the membrane that is tightly bound to lipid tails

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8
Q

peripheral protein

A

proteins that do not pass through the entire membrane and project into the intercellular or extracellular environment

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9
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus (water, proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen, pigments)

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10
Q

organelle

A

tiny structure within the cytoplasm that has distinct function essential to the cellular survival

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11
Q

cytosol

A

fluid within the cytoplasm

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

-complex network of tubules that produces proteins and fats
-important in regulation of ions
-rough: contains ribosomes bound to membrane that synthesize proteins
-smooth: synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones and regulates intracellular calcium

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

membranous structure that prepares substances produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell

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14
Q

lysosome

A

small sac surrounded by membrane that digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes and is important for metabolism of particular substances

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15
Q

peroxisome

A

membrane-enclosed sac smaller than lysosome that contains oxidases that neutralize free radicals and promotes survival of the cell by neutralizing harmful substances that could damage cell

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16
Q

mitochondrion

A

-site of aerobic cellular respiration
-principle source of ATP
-contains the cytochrome enzymes of terminal electron transport necessary for ATP production

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17
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

hereditary material carrying the cell’s genetic instructions that is copied in cellular reproduction

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18
Q

chromosome

A

coiled structure of tightly packed chromatin that forms the genetic code

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19
Q

chromatin

A

DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins

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20
Q

genes

A

individual units of inheritance ,or pieces of DNA, that are arranged along the chromosome

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21
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

material responsible for the control of protein synthesis

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22
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a framework of proteins organized into filaments and tubules that contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport

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23
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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24
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration

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25
Q

membrane pore

A

passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment

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26
Q

osmosis

A

process by which water passively moves across semipermeable plasma membrane

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27
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure generated by osmosis

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28
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of substances across the membrane with the help of transport proteins

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29
Q

membrane potential

A

electrical charge inside a plasma membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid

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30
Q

active transport

A

transport that requires energy when moving particles across the plasma membrane

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31
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

difference in electric charge/ions

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32
Q

primary active transport

A

direct use of energy to move particles across their gradient

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33
Q

secondary active transport

A

when movement of a second substance depends on the energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance

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34
Q

cotransport/symport

A

systems in which substances are transported in the same direction

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35
Q

countertransport/antiport

A

substances are transported in the opposite directions

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36
Q

endocytosis

A

process used to transport large substances into cells

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37
Q

pinocytosis

A

ATP-requiring process of ingesting contents of small liquid-containing vesicles

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38
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of ingesting lage particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components

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39
Q

phagocytes

A

cells that ingest large particles

40
Q

phagosome

A

phagocyte that has ingested a particle and will fuse with lysosome

41
Q

secretion

A

extracellular release of products

42
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and empty their contents into the extracellular environment

43
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

process of ATP production that occurs without oxygen

44
Q

aerobic respiration

A

chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose

45
Q

glycolysis

A

anaerobic process of breaking down glucose

46
Q

citric acid cycle

A

process that breaks down sugars, fats, and proteins to produce products used for energy production in the mitochondria

47
Q

feedback mechanisms

A

response of input to a system by generation of output in a given system

48
Q

receptor

A

proteins that binds signals on the plasma membrane or within the cell

49
Q

ligand

A

signal molecule that binds to receptor in a specific way to begin signal transduction

50
Q

signal transduction

A

process of communication within and between cells

51
Q

binding affinity

A

tightness or strength of binding

52
Q

paracrine signaling

A

ligand binding to receptor results in signal transduction with a local, rapid effect

53
Q

endocrine signaling

A

when signal transduction affects cell behavior within the entire organism

54
Q

hormones

A

ligands involved in endocrine signaling

55
Q

proliferation

A

increase in cell number

56
Q

differentiation

A

changes in physical and functional properties of cells; occurs by repression of expression of certain genes

57
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in individual cell size due to decrease in function demand of cell, decreased oxygen supply, signals are removed, nutritional deprivation, or aging

58
Q

ischemia

A

decreased oxygen supply to the cell

59
Q

involution

A

shrinkage

60
Q

spinal muscular atrophy

A

results from disuse of caused by impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue

61
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size due to growth signals or increased demand

62
Q

adenoid hypertrophy

A

enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area that can result in obstruction of the nasal passage

63
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number due to hormone signaling or increased workload

64
Q

metaplasia

A

changing of one cell type to another due to a peristent stressor

65
Q

dysplasia

A

change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure due to a chronic and persistent stressor and is caused by abnormal differentiation of dividing cells

66
Q

mutations

A

changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes

67
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

A

condition in which prolonged exposure to high oxygen during early newborn period results in thickened bronchial and alveolar tissues that reduce the ability to take air into the lungs, oxygenate tissues, and excrete waste products

68
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death prompted by a genetic signal that is designed to replace old cells with new

69
Q

syndactyly

A

the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue

70
Q

necrosis

A

disorderly cell death related to cell injury and associated with local inflammation and death of nearby cells

71
Q

mechanical injury

A

impact of a body part causing direct injury, such as abrasion

72
Q

thermal injury

A

caused by temperature, occurs with burns and frostbite

73
Q

endogenous

A

from within the body system

74
Q

exogenous

A

from the external environement

75
Q

deficit injury

A

cell is deprived of exygenation, hydration, and nutrition

76
Q

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the raction between oxygen and water during mitochondrial respiration; superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-)

77
Q

free radical injury

A

cellular damage resulting from ROS

78
Q

cerebral atrophy

A

the reduction in size of the neuron cells in the cerebrum of the brain that leads to brain tissue reduction

79
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand

80
Q

compliance

A

expected distentensibility or expansion

81
Q

syncope

A

fainting

82
Q

acromegaly

A

condition of hyperplasia prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation

83
Q

gigantism

A

excessive growth due to excessive production of growth hormone

84
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

applied after the initial treatment

85
Q

cervix

A

region at the lower end of the uterus that dips into the vagina

86
Q

squamous epithelium

A

flat, sheet-like cells that are usually a protective liner

87
Q

exocervix/ectocervix

A

portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina

88
Q

columnar epithelium

A

tall, slender cells that create a lining

89
Q

endocervix

A

portion of the cervix opening into the uterus

90
Q

cervical os/external os

A

opening at the center of the exocervix

91
Q

squamocolumnar junction

A

location where the squamous and columnar cells merge

92
Q

transformation zone

A

area of the cervix where different cell types merge

93
Q

oncogenic

A

cancer causing

94
Q

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

A

collection of cells from the exocervix and endocervix for screening

95
Q

mainstream smoke

A

active or firsthand smoke

Mechanisms of Disease (4 decks)

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