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Mechanisms of Disease > Chapter 2: Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cellular Adaptation and Response to Stress Flashcards

1
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A

barrier that separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment

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2
Q

phospholipid

A

phosphate (PO4-) bound to lipid

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3
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar; has an affinity for water

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4
Q

hydrophobic

A

nonpolar; lacking an affinity to water

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5
Q

glycolipid

A

carbohydrate bound to lipid

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6
Q

transmembrane protein

A

protein that passes through the entire membrane

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7
Q

integral protein

A

protein inside the membrane that is tightly bound to lipid tails

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8
Q

peripheral protein

A

proteins that do not pass through the entire membrane and project into the intercellular or extracellular environment

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9
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus (water, proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen, pigments)

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10
Q

organelle

A

tiny structure within the cytoplasm that has distinct function essential to the cellular survival

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11
Q

cytosol

A

fluid within the cytoplasm

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

-complex network of tubules that produces proteins and fats
-important in regulation of ions
-rough: contains ribosomes bound to membrane that synthesize proteins
-smooth: synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones and regulates intracellular calcium

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

membranous structure that prepares substances produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell

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14
Q

lysosome

A

small sac surrounded by membrane that digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes and is important for metabolism of particular substances

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15
Q

peroxisome

A

membrane-enclosed sac smaller than lysosome that contains oxidases that neutralize free radicals and promotes survival of the cell by neutralizing harmful substances that could damage cell

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16
Q

mitochondrion

A

-site of aerobic cellular respiration
-principle source of ATP
-contains the cytochrome enzymes of terminal electron transport necessary for ATP production

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17
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

hereditary material carrying the cell’s genetic instructions that is copied in cellular reproduction

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18
Q

chromosome

A

coiled structure of tightly packed chromatin that forms the genetic code

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19
Q

chromatin

A

DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins

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20
Q

genes

A

individual units of inheritance ,or pieces of DNA, that are arranged along the chromosome

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21
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

material responsible for the control of protein synthesis

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22
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a framework of proteins organized into filaments and tubules that contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport

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23
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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24
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration

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25
membrane pore
passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment
26
osmosis
process by which water passively moves across semipermeable plasma membrane
27
osmotic pressure
pressure generated by osmosis
28
facilitated diffusion
movement of substances across the membrane with the help of transport proteins
29
membrane potential
electrical charge inside a plasma membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid
30
active transport
transport that requires energy when moving particles across the plasma membrane
31
electrochemical gradient
difference in electric charge/ions
32
primary active transport
direct use of energy to move particles across their gradient
33
secondary active transport
when movement of a second substance depends on the energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance
34
cotransport/symport
systems in which substances are transported in the same direction
35
countertransport/antiport
substances are transported in the opposite directions
36
endocytosis
process used to transport large substances into cells
37
pinocytosis
ATP-requiring process of ingesting contents of small liquid-containing vesicles
38
phagocytosis
process of ingesting lage particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components
39
phagocytes
cells that ingest large particles
40
phagosome
phagocyte that has ingested a particle and will fuse with lysosome
41
secretion
extracellular release of products
42
exocytosis
vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and empty their contents into the extracellular environment
43
anaerobic respiration
process of ATP production that occurs without oxygen
44
aerobic respiration
chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose
45
glycolysis
anaerobic process of breaking down glucose
46
citric acid cycle
process that breaks down sugars, fats, and proteins to produce products used for energy production in the mitochondria
47
feedback mechanisms
response of input to a system by generation of output in a given system
48
receptor
proteins that binds signals on the plasma membrane or within the cell
49
ligand
signal molecule that binds to receptor in a specific way to begin signal transduction
50
signal transduction
process of communication within and between cells
51
binding affinity
tightness or strength of binding
52
paracrine signaling
ligand binding to receptor results in signal transduction with a local, rapid effect
53
endocrine signaling
when signal transduction affects cell behavior within the entire organism
54
hormones
ligands involved in endocrine signaling
55
proliferation
increase in cell number
56
differentiation
changes in physical and functional properties of cells; occurs by repression of expression of certain genes
57
atrophy
decrease in individual cell size due to decrease in function demand of cell, decreased oxygen supply, signals are removed, nutritional deprivation, or aging
58
ischemia
decreased oxygen supply to the cell
59
involution
shrinkage
60
spinal muscular atrophy
results from disuse of caused by impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue
61
hypertrophy
increase in cell size due to growth signals or increased demand
62
adenoid hypertrophy
enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area that can result in obstruction of the nasal passage
63
hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to hormone signaling or increased workload
64
metaplasia
changing of one cell type to another due to a peristent stressor
65
dysplasia
change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure due to a chronic and persistent stressor and is caused by abnormal differentiation of dividing cells
66
mutations
changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes
67
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
condition in which prolonged exposure to high oxygen during early newborn period results in thickened bronchial and alveolar tissues that reduce the ability to take air into the lungs, oxygenate tissues, and excrete waste products
68
apoptosis
programmed cell death prompted by a genetic signal that is designed to replace old cells with new
69
syndactyly
the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue
70
necrosis
disorderly cell death related to cell injury and associated with local inflammation and death of nearby cells
71
mechanical injury
impact of a body part causing direct injury, such as abrasion
72
thermal injury
caused by temperature, occurs with burns and frostbite
73
endogenous
from within the body system
74
exogenous
from the external environement
75
deficit injury
cell is deprived of exygenation, hydration, and nutrition
76
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the raction between oxygen and water during mitochondrial respiration; superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-)
77
free radical injury
cellular damage resulting from ROS
78
cerebral atrophy
the reduction in size of the neuron cells in the cerebrum of the brain that leads to brain tissue reduction
79
cardiac hypertrophy
disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand
80
compliance
expected distentensibility or expansion
81
syncope
fainting
82
acromegaly
condition of hyperplasia prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation
83
gigantism
excessive growth due to excessive production of growth hormone
84
adjuvant therapy
applied after the initial treatment
85
cervix
region at the lower end of the uterus that dips into the vagina
86
squamous epithelium
flat, sheet-like cells that are usually a protective liner
87
exocervix/ectocervix
portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina
88
columnar epithelium
tall, slender cells that create a lining
89
endocervix
portion of the cervix opening into the uterus
90
cervical os/external os
opening at the center of the exocervix
91
squamocolumnar junction
location where the squamous and columnar cells merge
92
transformation zone
area of the cervix where different cell types merge
93
oncogenic
cancer causing
94
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
collection of cells from the exocervix and endocervix for screening
95
mainstream smoke
active or firsthand smoke

Mechanisms of Disease (4 decks)

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