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Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was the first step toward understanding the importance of cells?

A

Their discovery in the 1600s

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2
Q

All cells come from previously existing cells and consists of three principles

A
  1. Every organism is made up of one or more cells
  2. The smallest organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
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3
Q

Who developed a primitive light microscope?

A

English scientist Robert Hooke.

Year: 1665

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4
Q

Robert Hooke viewed a very thin piece of

A

cork and saw “a great many little boxes,” which he drew

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5
Q

Light microscopes can view

A

living cells

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6
Q

In the 1670s,

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek built his own microscope

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7
Q

Light microscopes use lenses made of

A

glass or quartz to bend and focus light

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8
Q

Light microscopes

A

use lenses made of glass or quartz to bend and focus light

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9
Q

Electron microscopes provide

A

high resolution

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10
Q

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons focused

by

A

magnetic fields to resolve images

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11
Q

Transmission electron microscopes pass electrons

through a

A

thin specimen

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12
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

bounce electrons off

specimens that are dry and hard

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13
Q

Genetic material is contained

within a membrane-enclosed structures

A

In Eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

are complex and make up the

bodies of animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

do not have a nucleus

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16
Q

The single cells of bacteria and archaea, the simplest

forms of life, are

A

prokaryotic

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17
Q

Most cells range in size from about

A

1 to 100

micrometers (millionths of a meter) in diameter

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18
Q

All cells are descended from an ancestor that arose about

A

3.5 billion years ago

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19
Q

Cells are so small, so they can

A

exchange nutrients and wastes with their external environment

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20
Q

a process by which molecules dissolved in fluids move, is relatively slow

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

All parts of the cell must remain close to the external environment to have access to

A

nutrients and be able to get rid of wastes

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22
Q

The plasma membrane encloses the cell and allows

A

interactions between the cell and its environment

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23
Q

Each cell is surrounded by a thin membrane called the

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

The plasma membrane consists of proteins embedded in a

A

bilayer of phospholipids

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25
Q

allow specific molecules to pass into or out of the cell

A

Channel proteins

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26
Q

bind messenger molecules and initiate a cell’s response to the message

A

Receptor proteins

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27
Q

All cells contain

A

cytoplasm

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28
Q

The cytoplasm consists

A

of all the fluid and
structures inside the plasma membrane but
outside the nucleus in eukaryotes

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29
Q

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is called

A

cytosol

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30
Q

The cytosol contains

A

water, salts, and organic molecules (protein, carbohydrates and lipids. Sometimes RNA it depends)

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31
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of a variety of

A

protein filaments

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32
Q

protein filaments

A

provide support, transport structures within the cell, and

allow cells to move and change shape

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33
Q

protein filaments also play a role in

A

cell division

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34
Q

All cells use D N A as

A

hereditary instructions to form RNA

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35
Q

R N A guides construction of

A

cell parts/proteins

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36
Q

The genetic material in all cells consists of

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (D N A)

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37
Q

D N A encodes an inherited set of instructions in segments called

A

genes

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38
Q

Genes store the instructions for making

A

all the parts of a cell and for producing new cells

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39
Q

D N A genes are copied to

A

ribonucleic acid (R N A)

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40
Q

R N A is chemically similar to

A

D N A

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41
Q

RNA

A

helps construct proteins based on genetic instructions

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42
Q

The proteins are constructed on

A

ribosomes, cellular workbenches of specialized R N A called ribosomal R N A

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43
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a relatively simple

A

internal structure

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44
Q

Prokaryotic cells are generally less than

A

5 micrometers in diameter

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45
Q

Prokaryotes are unicellular and make up two of life’s

domains

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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46
Q

Prokaryotic cells have specialized

A

cytoplasmic structures

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47
Q

A distinct region called the

A

nucleoid contains a single circular chromosome that consists of a long, coiled strand of D N A

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48
Q

plasmids

A

small rings of D N A

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49
Q

Most Prokaryotic cells

A

feature small rings of D N A called plasmids in addition to the nucleoid

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50
Q

Prokaryotic cells have distinctive

A

surface features

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51
Q

Nearly all prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a

A

cell wall

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52
Q

The cell wall provides protection and helps the

A

prokaryotic cell maintain its shape

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53
Q

Prokaryotic cell shape

A

may be rod-like, spiral, or spherical

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54
Q

Gram+ve

A

thick peptidoglycan layer. Layer retains the dye crystal violet. Plus it has teichoic acid.

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55
Q

Gram–ve

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan layer in the periplasmic space and contains a thick lipopolysaccharide layer, which prevents the crystal violet color to be retained by the cell. Cells can be seen by counterstain Safranin red dye.

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56
Q

Bacillus anthrax is a

A

gram positive bacteria !

Vegetative cells (showing the retention of crystal violet) can produce spores that survive about 48 years or more !

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57
Q

Pili (singular, pilus) are surface proteins (pilin) that

A

that project from the cell walls of many bacteria

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58
Q

Attachment pili

A

help bacteria

adhere to surfaces

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59
Q

Sex pili

A

form connections

between adjacent bacteria that allow them to transfer plasmids

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60
Q

Flagella rotate and propel the cell through the

A

fluid environment

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61
Q

Some bacteria and archaea possess

A

flagella (singular, flagellum), which extend from the cell surface

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62
Q

Flagellin protein is the principle component of

A

bacterial flagella

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63
Q

Eukaryotic cells make up the bodies of organisms in the

A

domain Eukarya

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64
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain

A

organelles

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65
Q

organelles

A

membrane-enclosed structures specialized for a particular function

66
Q

Organelles contribute to the complexity of

A

eukaryotic cells

67
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Surrounds cells, providing biochemical and structural support

68
Q

Is the extracellular matrix in prokaryotes?

A

Absent mostly. Formation of a biofilm can create an extracellular matrix.

69
Q

Is the extracellular matrix in eukaryotes (plants)?

A

Yes

70
Q

Is the extracellular matrix in eukaryotes (animals)?

A

Yes

71
Q

Cilia

A

Move the cell through fluid or move fluid past the cell surface

72
Q

Is cilia in prokaryotes?

A

no

73
Q

Is cilia in eukaryotes (plants)?

A

Absent in higher plants.

74
Q

Is cilia in eukaryotes (animals)?

A

Present

75
Q

The sweeping motion of cilia (small hairs in the trachea)

A

keep air passages clean

76
Q

Paramecium (are eukaryotic, unicellular) contains

A

numerous cilia around their body surface that co- ordinates the movement of cell

77
Q

Flagella

A

Move the cell through fluid

78
Q

Are flagella in prokaryotes?

A

Yes

79
Q

Are flagella in eukaryotes (plants)?

A

Absent in higher plants.

80
Q

Are flagella in eukaryotes (animals)?

A

Present

(e.g. mammalian sperm cell)

81
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Isolates the cell contents from the environment; regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell; allows communication with other cells

82
Q

The plasma membrane is present in

A

prokaryotes and all eukaryotes

83
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes and nucleoli

84
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus; regulates movement of materials into and out of the nucleus

85
Q

Nucleolus

A

Synthesizes ribosomes

86
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have a

A

nucleus, nuclear envelope, and nucleolus

87
Q

All eukaryotes have a

A

nucleus, nuclear envelope, and nucleolus

88
Q

Organization of Genetic Material in human white blood cells showing 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

(basic Karyotype staining)…RBC are enucleated

89
Q

Genetic material

A

Encodes the information needed to construct the cell and to control cellular activity

90
Q

Prokaryotes and all eukaryotes have

A

genetic material (DNA)

91
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contain and control the use of DNA

92
Q

The chromosomes in prokaryotes are

A

single, circular

93
Q

The chromosomes in eukaryotes are

A

Many, linear

94
Q

Ribosomes

A

provide sites for protein synthesis

95
Q

Ribosomes are present in

A

prokaryotes and all eukaryotes

96
Q

Mitochondria

A

produce energy by aerobic metabolism

97
Q

Mitochondria is absent in

A

prokaryotes

98
Q

Mitochondria is present in

A

all eukaryotes

99
Q

Chloroplasts

A

perform photosynthesis and contains circular chloroplast DNA

100
Q

Chloroplasts are absent in

A

prokaryotes and animal eukaryotes

101
Q

Chloroplasts are present in

A

eukaryote plants

102
Q

The Endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes membrane components, proteins, and lipids

103
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is absent

A

in prokaryotes

104
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is present

A

in all eukaryotes

105
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

106
Q

The Golgi apparatus is absent in

A

prokaryotes

107
Q

The Golgi apparatus is present in

A

all eukaryotes

108
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes; digest food and worn-out organelles

109
Q

Lysosomes are absent in

A

prokaryotes and absent in most eukaryotic plants

110
Q

Lysosomes are present in

A

eukaryotic animals

111
Q

Lysosomes in human macrophage cell

A

eliminates bacteria

112
Q

MHC’s (major histocompatibility complex) are important for

A

immune response in all the nucleated cell

113
Q

Central vacuole

A

Contains water and wastes; provides turgor pressure to support the cell

114
Q

The central vacuole is absent in

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotic animals

115
Q

The central vacuole is present in

A

eukaryotic plants

116
Q

Energy- Requiring Transport

A

Movement of substances through membranes using cellular energy, usually supplied by A T P

117
Q

Diffusion is under

A

passive transport

118
Q

Movement of individual small molecules or ions against their concentration gradients through membrane spanning Proteins

A

Active transport

119
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of free water molecules

120
Q

Cells maintain concentration gradients using

A

active transport

121
Q

During active transport, membrane proteins use energy to move molecules or ions

A

against their concentration gradients

122
Q

An ATP molecule consists of an

A

adenosine a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar and tri-phosphate chain

123
Q

The high-energy phosphate is key to ATP’s

A

energy storage potential

124
Q

ATP contains

A

3 phosphate molecules

125
Q

Substances are transported from areas of

A

lower concentration to areas of higher concentration

126
Q

Kinase enzyme breaks

A

ATP to ADP and transfers phosphate molecule to proteins

127
Q

Movement of fluids, specific molecules, or particles into a cel

A

Endocytosis

128
Q

occurs as the plasma membrane engulfs the substance in a membranous sac that pinches off and enters the cytosol

A

Endocytosis

129
Q

Movement of particles or large molecules out of a cell

A

Exocytosis

130
Q

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Diffusion

131
Q

occurs as a membrane within the cell encloses the material, moves to the cell surface, and fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to diffuse out

A

Exocytosis

132
Q

In most animal cells, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) works as the main

A

carrier of chemical energy.

133
Q

The human body uses three types of molecules to yield the necessary energy to drive ATP synthesis:

A

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

134
Q

Do you need ATP for osmosis?

A

No

135
Q

You need aquaporine

A

Can help…..

136
Q

main site for ATP synthesis in mammals

A

Mitochondria

137
Q

Some ATP is also synthesized in the

A

cytoplasm

138
Q

Cell derives its energy from the

A

food we eat

139
Q

What is broken down into fatty acids?

A

Lipids

140
Q

Proteins break down into

A

amino acids

141
Q

Carbohydrates break down into

A

glucose

142
Q

What breaks down a glucose molecule and forms

2 pyruvate molecules, with the release of two molecules of ATP and 2 NADH

A

Glycolysis

143
Q

Kreb’s Cycle occurs in the ________________ of the eukaryotic cell.

A

Mitochondria

144
Q

Plants simply undergo photosynthesis first as a way to make

A

glucose

145
Q

pyruvate formed is converted to Acetyl CoA which is the precursor molecule of

A

Kreb’s cycle

146
Q

Animals don’t need to photosynthesize since they get their glucose from the

A

food they eat.

147
Q

You need a carrier protein to aid in

A

glucose entering cell.

148
Q

we don’t have chloroplast or pigment chlorophyll like

A

plants and algae

149
Q

Glucose to pyruvate it called

A

glycolysis

150
Q

Glucose to pyruvate occurs in the

A

cytoplasm

151
Q

Mitochondria is the main site where

A

ATP is formed

152
Q

The Krabs cycle is in the

A

mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

153
Q

__________ __________ is the process by which organisms break down glucose into a form that the cell can use as energy

A

Cellular respiration

154
Q

_____________ is the main site where glycolysis occurs

A

Cytoplasm

155
Q

Aerobic

A

process the requires oxygen

156
Q

Anaerobic

A

process that doesn’t require oxygen

157
Q

Fermentation

A

an anaerobic

158
Q

1st step of cellular respiration is the

A

breaking down of glucose into pyruvate

159
Q

Krebs cycle cannot occur in the absence of

A

oxygen

160
Q

Aerobic

A

glucose and oxygen

161
Q

anaerobic

A

glucose

Biology (4 decks)

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