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Biology Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Acidic solution has

A

More of H+ than OH- ions

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2
Q

Protons are ________.

A

Present in atoms that carry positive charges

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3
Q

These trigger the production of free radicals-

A

Alcohol, Smoke, Pollution

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4
Q

DNA contains

A

A pentose sugar called deoxyribose

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5
Q

A biological polymer is synthesized by

A

joining monomers by the removal of water by dehydration synthesis

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ______

A

Some multicellular and some can be unicellular

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7
Q

Which trace element is necessary for human body that is obtained from table salt?

A

Iodine

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8
Q

Oxygen in water are

A

Electron acceptors and Slightly negative in charge

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9
Q

Living organisms need oxygen to survive. Which statement below is true

A

Oxygen is major element needed by animals, Some bacteria do not need oxygen to survive, such as anaerobic bacteria

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10
Q

Asexual reproduction in bacteria can occur by ____________.

A

Binary fission

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11
Q

Plants and Animals cells differ as

A

Plant cells have cell wall and cell membrane and animal cells have only cell membrane

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12
Q

Hydrogen in water molecules can cause

A

Cohesion, Surface tension, Adhesion

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13
Q

Which of the following have a nearly neutral pH ranging from 6.4 to 7.5 pH?

A

Milk, Blood, Pure water

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14
Q

Cellulase is a/an

A

Enzyme found in some bacteria that can hydrolyze/break cellulose to glucose monomers

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15
Q

Amino acids contain which of the following

A

Amino group (NH2) attached to carbon backbone, Carboxyl group (COOH) attached to carbon backbone, Hydrogen group (H) attached to carbon backbone

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16
Q

What are the examples that associate with homeostasis in human body?

A

Normal Body temperature, Normal Glucose levels

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17
Q

Which organism belonging to archaea can survive in extreme conditions above 100°C

A

Thermophile

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18
Q

Which protein is involved in muscle contraction

A

Myosin

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19
Q

Which of the following isotopes are used in treating cancer?

A

Cesium- 137

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20
Q

A primary structure of protein contains

A

Only the amino acid chain linked by peptide bonds

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21
Q

Which of the following are true about oils?

A

They are formed by dehydration synthesis between fatty acid and glycerol.
Contain more double bonds than fats.
Olive oil is a good example of plant based oils

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22
Q

Living organisms are made of

A

Cells

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23
Q

Table salt dissolves in water by

A

Sodium chloride ions that contain oppositely charged ions that attract the oxygen and hydrogen of water
molecules.

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24
Q

Inorganic molecules ____

A

lack carbon

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25
Q

What is lactose?

A

A disaccharide containing one glucose and one galactose molecules

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26
Q

Choosing liquid based cooking oils, that are liquid at room temperature

A

Can reduce heart diseases, rich in unsaturated healthy fats

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27
Q

Dr. Ono has a very dizzy morning and feels dehydrated. What can he dissolve in water from his kitchen to boost his body to rehydrate quickly?

A

A pinch of Salt, A pinch of Glucose

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28
Q

If there were three carbon atom from planet mars trying to make a carbohydrate on earth, then how many carbons (C), hydrogens (H) and oxygen (O) would be in the carbohydrate molecule?

A

C3H6O3

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29
Q

How many bonds can the following oxygen molecule make oxygen gas (O2)

A

A single double bond

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30
Q

Organisms share what common characteristics that define life

A

Growth, Sense to stimuli, Evolve

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31
Q

Viruses are living organisms.

A

The statement is very true, because viruses needs a living host to survive

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32
Q

The last step of binary fission

A

is where the bacterial cell divides by a process called cytokinesis to form daughter cells

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33
Q

High levels of which compounds can lead to heart diseases.

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), Triglycerides

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34
Q

The structure shown below is a _____.

A

Polysaccharide chitin in exoskeleton of crabs

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35
Q

In a living cell their genetic information is stored in the form of

A

DNA

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36
Q

Prokaryotic cells are ________.

A

unicellular

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37
Q

In humans, homeostasis of glucose levels is

A

maintained by secretion of two hormones called insulin and glucagon by the pancreas

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38
Q

Archaea and Bacteria are different because

A

Some archaea have the ability to survive extreme environmental conditions like hot springs but all bacteria
cannot

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39
Q

An atom

A

Carry overall neutral charge, Smallest unit of element, Contains protons, neutron and electrons

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40
Q

Free radicals occur in -

A

atoms with partially full valence shell like superoxide radicals.

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41
Q

Living organism have major elements such as

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

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42
Q

Water carries

A

slightly positive charge due to hydrogen and slightly negative charge due to oxygen

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43
Q

Covalent bonds are formed by

A

Nitrogen (N2) gas, Hydrogen (H2) gas, Oxygen (O2) gas

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44
Q

Pure water contains

A

Neutral pH 7.0, Equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions

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45
Q

Which of the following isotopes are used in labelling DNA in molecular biology?

A

Phosphorus-32

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46
Q

Sugar dissolves in water due to

A

The hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen of water molecule and hydrogen of the hydroxyl groups in
carbohydrates

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47
Q

All carbohydrates are organic molecules because they contain

A

mostly carbon with some oxygen and hydrogen

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48
Q

Carbonic acid – bicarbonate ion buffering system is

A

An example of homeostasis maintaining the human blood pH 7.2 approx

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49
Q

A biological polymer is

A

Formed by joining monomers by the removal of water in dehydration synthesis

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50
Q

Dr. Ono has a very dizzy morning and feels dehydrated. What can he dissolve in water from his kitchen to boost
his body to rehydrate?

A

A pinch of Salt
A pinch of Glucose
A splash of citrate from orange juice

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51
Q

If there were four carbon atom from planet mars trying to make a carbohydrate on earth, then how many carbons (C), hydrogens (H) and oxygen (O) would be in the carbohydrate molecule?

A

C4H8O4

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52
Q

RNA contains

A

A pentose sugar called ribose

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53
Q

What is maltose?

A

A disaccharide containing two glucose molecules

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54
Q

Enzymes are

A

Protein molecules that contains amino acid residues linked with peptide bonds

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55
Q

Which protein is involved in defense mechanism

A

Antibodies

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56
Q

Amino acids can

A

form the primary structure of the protein, Form zwitterions that contain a net neutral charge

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57
Q

Which of the following are true about fats?

A

They are formed by dehydration synthesis between fatty acids and glycerol and Contain more hydrogen bonds and single bonds than oils

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58
Q

A tertiary structure of protein contains

A

Primary structure of amino acid that folds into three dimensional structure

Disulfide bond and hydrogen bonds

Ionic and Hydrophobic interactions

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59
Q

Which protein is involved in structural function like forming webs/cocoons

A

Silk

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60
Q

Flow of energy from the sun to plants and animals are essential. What cannot occur in this process.

A

Nutrients are never recycled

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61
Q

In

humans, normal body temperature fluctuates around the value of 37 °C (98.6 °F).

A

This is an example of homeostasis

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62
Q

There are about 20 amino acids contain which have which functional groups in common

A 
Amino group (NH2) attached to carbon backbone, 
Carboxyl group (COOH) attached to carbon backbone
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63
Q

The structure of a polysaccharide that contains a nitrogen functional group is:

A

Polysaccharide chitin in exoskeleton of crabs

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64
Q

Amylase is

A

A human salivary enzyme that can hydrolysis starch to glucose monomers

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65
Q

Dr. Ono has a very dizzy morning and feels dehydrated. What can he dissolve in water from his kitchen to boost his body to rehydrate quickly?

A

A pinch of Salt

A pinch of Glucose

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66
Q

Which isotope is used to determine age of the ancient Egyptian mummies

A

Carbon-14 which has 5000 yrs as its half life

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67
Q

Carbohydrates such as cellulose are

A

not soluble due to lack of hydroxyl group

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68
Q

Which among these are acidic pH

A

Lemon juice

Vinegar (acetic acid)

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69
Q

Some plant species can respond to stimuli such as touch.

A

Thigmotrophism

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70
Q

Nucleus of an atom contains –

A

Only protons and neutrons

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71
Q

Harmful effects free radicals can be quenched by

A

Eating fruits and vegetable and little chocolate

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72
Q

Which organisms are examples of living cells

A

bacteria

yeast

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73
Q

Water has which of these properties

A

polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Cohesion and adhesion due to hydrogen bonds

74
Q

Alkaline solution has

A

Less of H+ than OH- ions

75
Q

Bacterial cell division needs

A

To undergo a binary cell division, which is an asexual mode of reproduction

76
Q

Prokaryotic cells such as bacteria

A

has nucleoid that lacks membrane bound nucleus

77
Q

In the list below, which characteristics are necessary in a living organism?

A

Maintain a level of complexity
Reproduce
Evolve

78
Q

If there were seven carbon atom from planet mars trying to make a carbohydrate on earth, then how many carbons (C), hydrogens (H) and oxygen (O) would be in the carbohydrate molecule?

A

C7 H14 O7

79
Q

Choosing cooking mediums, that are fats, which are solid at room temperature

A

rich in saturated unhealthy fats

increase more triglycerides and Low-density lipoproteins increasing health risks

80
Q

Which among the list is not a trace element?

A

Oxygen

Hydrogen

81
Q

Hydrogen in water are

A

Slightly positive charge

Electron donors

82
Q

All biological molecules contain

A

an organic part that contain carbon in their backbone with oxygen and hydrogen

83
Q

A three-dimensional structure of the protein can

A

Be destroyed by high heat like in boiled eggs

DNA mutations affecting the overall protein structure and function

84
Q

A biological polymer usually breakdown to monomers by -

A

Hydrolysis process where enzymes catalyze the addition of water molecule to the polymer chain

85
Q

Which of the following are true about fats?

A

They are formed by dehydration synthesis between fatty acid and glycerol

Contain more hydrogen bonds and single bonds than oils

butter is a good example of fats

86
Q

RNA and DNA contains

A

A pentose sugar, where RNA has ribose and DNA has deoxyribose sugar

87
Q

What is sucrose?

A

A disaccharide containing one glucose and one fructose molecules

88
Q

Phagosome are

A

may be degraded when it fuses with a lysosome, they are vesicles that may have arose during phagocytosis of a bacteria, they may occur in human macrophage cells

89
Q

Which statement below are not associated with loss of turgor pressure in plants.

A

plants in rainy season

90
Q

The cell controls which substance it can transport in and out of cell. Why?

A

due to all the above

91
Q

What passes through a cell membrane down the concentration gradient in a cell?

A

water
dissolved gases
lipid-soluble molecules water-soluble molecules

92
Q

Which statements are true about ethanol passing through cell membrane?

A

as ethanol has a smaller molecular weight so passes quickly through a membrane

93
Q

Kidneys in our bodies normally

A

is based on the same principle of dialysis to remove wastes from our bodies

94
Q

Active transport in a cell can

A

moves ions like calcium from a region of low to a high concentration

95
Q

“In a eukaryotic cell like plants, cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria”. Is the statement true or false?

A

True

96
Q

Which Cell theory statements below are true?

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the basic functional units of life
All organisms are made up of one or more cells

97
Q

Who was the first to see a living cell under microscope

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

98
Q

Which statement below are true for electron microscopes (EM)

A

DNA can be view in an EM

The surface structure of a cocci bacteria can be viewed under EM

Electron emitted from a magnetic field are used in EM

99
Q

The plasma membrane of any cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells _____.

A

Have a phospho-lipid bilayer that isolates the cell contents

Has channel proteins within the phospho-lipid bilayer

100
Q

What cannot occur in the “central dogma” of a healthy living cell?

A

HIV viral RNA can create its DNA sequence by reverse transcription

101
Q

Which enzyme is important for DNA to be synthesized into RNA in a cell

A

RNA polymerase

102
Q

Which cell is indicated in this image -

A

a prokaryotic cell

103
Q

What kind of apparatus was used to see the structures in this image?

A

Transmission electron microscope

104
Q

Locate S4 in the image. What structure could possibly be in this location?

A

chromosomal DNA

105
Q

Locate S1 in the image. Which structure is shown here.

A

cell wall

106
Q

If this image was of a Gram-positive Bacteria, then -

A

it would contain a thick peptidoglycan layer unlike gram negative

Bacillus anthrax is an example of gram positive bacteria

107
Q

Locate S3 in the image. What could be present in this location? (it’s a tricky question)

A

Ribosome
Cytosol
Proteins
Plasmid DNA

108
Q

Which structure/s is not seen in this image

A

Flagella

sex-pilli

109
Q

All plant cell have

A

mitochondria
cellulose in cell wall
ribosomes
golgi apparatus

110
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) layer in human mammalian cells usually contains

A

Fibronectin
Collagen
Proteoglycan

111
Q

Dr. Sherlock Holmes of Great Britain just found his great great maternal grandmother was from Africa. What could he do to find the answer?

A

test his own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

test the mtDNA from the body of his recently deceased mother

112
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

does not contain ribosomes on their surface

113
Q

“Fermentation is a process by which cell breakdown glucose under aerobic conditions”. Is the statement true or false?

A

False

114
Q

“ATP molecule has seven high energy phosphate bonds that is the key source for the cells to derive energy”. Is the statement true or false?

A

False

115
Q

“If mitochondria has an defective enzyme in Krebs’s cycle in animal cells, there still would be 36 molecules of ATP formed in a cell”. Is this statement true or false?

A

False

116
Q

“Ethanol and Carbon dioxide is formed during fermentation of glucose in yeasts, under aerobic conditions”. Is this statement true or false?

A

False

117
Q

Crossing over (a genetic exchange) occurs in meiosis where one chromosomes can combine genes from both parents. (true/false)?

A

True

118
Q

Which of the following molecular - cellular changes would generally be indicative of cancer/tumor
cell?

A

CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) mutated

p53 mutated

119
Q

Of the following phases, which occurs during Mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

120
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replication occur?

A

S

121
Q

Which radiations that we discussed can cause adjacent thymine residues to form dimers on the same DNA strand?

A

Ultra violet

122
Q

Which mutations in the DNA can cause the protein chain length to vary.

A

Frame-shift mutation

Non-sense mutation

123
Q

A mutation which results in a protein in which one amino acid is substituted for another is ____.

A

Missense mutation

124
Q

Under conditions where methionine must be the first amino acid, what protein would be coded for by the following mRNA? 5’-CCUCAUAUGCGCCAUUAUAAGUGACACACA-3’

A

Met-arg-his-tyr-lys-stop

Met-arg-his-tyr-lys-stop

125
Q

With what mRNA codon would the tRNA anticodon 5’-GAC-3’ be able to form a codon-anticodon base pairing interaction?

A

3’-CUG-5’

126
Q

A messenger acid is 33 nucleotides long, including the initiator and termination codons. The number of amino acids in the protein translated from this mRNA is _______.

A

10

127
Q

In bacteria, the transcription and translation process is/are ________________.

A

Occurring in a coupled manner.

128
Q

There is a growing cancer cell in Sherlock Holmes’s mouth which is multiplying fast. Only, Professor Moriarty has the cure to the cancer as listed below in his personal diary! As Dr. Watson, which of the following therapy would you think could help Sherlock Holmes to slow down his cancer cells from dividing.

A

Regulatory RNA called interfering RNA complementary to mRNA in cancer cells

129
Q

The tRNA in our cells is re-used again to cover all the codons of the genetic code needs to follows the _________ mechanism.

A

Wobble base pairing

130
Q

Translation ends at a specific codon called stop codon.

A

True

131
Q

DNA polymerase can bind anywhere on a gene to trigger a DNA replication process inside a human cell. (true/false)?

A

False

132
Q

What is common about the function of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides that grows antiparallel to the 3’ template strand end

133
Q

RNA cannot form a double helix because of _____________.

A

2’ carbon attached to the OH group is present

134
Q

Introns are junk nucleotides sequences on the DNA which are removed from the final mRNA transcript during translation. (true/false)?

A

False

135
Q

mRNA transcription requires DNA polymerase enzyme activity to unwind the DNA to create a transcription bubble. (True/False)?

A

False

136
Q

For protein synthesis in human cell which of the following is/are required?

A

5’-ATG-3’ sequence on coding DNA strand

ribosome

charged-tRNA

137
Q

Which process occurs in the nucleus of a human cell.

A

DNA replication

Splicing mRNA

138
Q

For DNA replication to occur the parental DNA strands must separate partly by ________.

A

Helicase

139
Q

DNA replication yields two double helices each containing one old strand complimentary to new strand. (True/False)?

A

True

140
Q

What is the complimentary DNA strand for the following sequence 5’-ATGGCTCG-3’?

A

3’-TACCGAGC-5

141
Q

A base paring can occur between nitrogenous base Thymine with guanine. (True or false)?

A

False

142
Q

Two DNA strands are held to each other on the interior of a double helix by _________.

A

Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases

143
Q

DNA has Thymine base which is a purine. Is it true/false?

A

False

144
Q

DNA and RNA are negatively charged due to ______________.

A

Phosphate group

145
Q

DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase can create a sugar-peptide bond. Is this statement true or false?

A

False

146
Q

A single polynucleotide strand is a polymer of nucleotides which are linked by _________.

A

b. Phosphodiester bonds

147
Q

A 5’end of a nucleotide means _______.

A

5’ carbon of the pentose attached to a phosphate group

148
Q

Nucleotides are composed of __________.

A

Phosphate
Pentose
Purine or Pyrimidines

149
Q

Which of the following are made of nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids

150
Q

DNA is the genetic material in all _________.

A

Living cell

151
Q

Which among the following molecules are nucleic acid?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

152
Q

“If mitochondria were absent in animal cells, there still would be 36 molecules of ATP formed in a
cell”. Is this statement true or false?

A

False

153
Q

“In a prokaryotic cell like plants, cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria”. Is the statement true or false?

A

False

154
Q

Which statement is true about active transport?

A

an ATP is used during the process

155
Q

The kidney performs an important function in humans by

A

filtering wastes such as excess salts and ions from our blood

a less painful process that mimics the painful hemodialysis as in a hospital set up.

156
Q

Glucose easily dissolves in water but —

A

cannot pass through as its too large and not lipid soluble

157
Q

Which molecules can diffuse through channel proteins in a cell

A

water

water-soluble molecules

158
Q

Selective permeability —-

A

means the plasma membrane allows only specific substances to pass through

159
Q

Why does plant appear wilted during water deprivation as

A

there is loss of turgor pressure due to loss of water from central vacuoles

160
Q

Lysosomes are

A

small vesicles that arise from golgi apparatus

they contain hydrolytic enzymes

they degrade some invading bacteria

they aid in degrading old organelles

161
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is

A

a structure found in animals
they have ribosomes attached
RER are connected to nucleus where the RNA forms proteins

162
Q

“Ethanol is formed during anaerobic fermentation reaction in yeasts”. Is this statement true or false?

A

True

163
Q

“ATP molecule has three high energy phosphate bonds that is the key source for the cells to derive energy”. Is the statement true or false?

A

True

164
Q

“Fermentation is a process by which cell breakdown glucose under anaerobic conditions”. Is the statement true or false?

A

True

165
Q

All higher plant cells have

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Cytosol

166
Q

Which statement is true about mitochondrial DNA

A

they are used to trace back human ancestral lineages

167
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) layer a plant cell occurs

A

near the plasmodesmata cell junctions
contains pectin
contains cellulose
components of ECM can be found in jams and jellies

168
Q

The structure’s in S8 (in the image) may contain _____

A

RNA, DNA and proteins

169
Q

Locate S1 in the image. What terms are related with this structure that is associated with cell attachment and transfer of genetic material in other bacterial cells.

A

Attachment pili
Pillin
Sex-pilli

170
Q

Which structure is associated with nucleoid.

A

S8

171
Q

Locate S3 in the image. The structure is important for antibiotic gene transfer.

A

yes it’s a circular plasmid DNA

172
Q

Locate S5 in the image. The structure is made of which protein associated with cell movement?

A

Flagellin

173
Q

Which of the following represents the difference between gram-negative and gram positive bacteria?

A

Thick Lipopolysaccharide in gram negative versus the thick peptidoglycan of gram positive
bacteria

174
Q

Which molecules are essential for a cell to form proteins from an RNA sequence

A

Ribosomes and tRNA with amino acid

175
Q

Which of the following is true about the “central dogma” of a cell?

A

DNA transcribes to RNA in all healthy cells

RNA translates only to protein in all healthy cells

176
Q

An animal cell plasma membrane is

A

made of membrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid lipid bi-layer

177
Q

Electron Microscopes can view which of these following

A

Nucleic acids like RNA or DNA

Anywhere between 100 nano meter and 0.1 nano meters in diameter

178
Q

In the 1600, what important discoveries were made

A

Robert Hooke saw dead cells in a cork under microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw living cells under microscope
The designs of the primitive microscopes were built

179
Q

Cell theory states that

A

All living organism are made up of one or more cells.

180
Q

DNA is the genetic material in all _________.

A

Living cell

Biology (4 decks)

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