Biology Final Flashcards
1
Q
Acidic solution has
A
More of H+ than OH- ions
2
Q
Protons are ________.
A
Present in atoms that carry positive charges
3
Q
These trigger the production of free radicals-
A
Alcohol, Smoke, Pollution
4
Q
DNA contains
A
A pentose sugar called deoxyribose
5
Q
A biological polymer is synthesized by
A
joining monomers by the removal of water by dehydration synthesis
6
Q
Eukaryotic cells are ______
A
Some multicellular and some can be unicellular
7
Q
Which trace element is necessary for human body that is obtained from table salt?
A
Iodine
8
Q
Oxygen in water are
A
Electron acceptors and Slightly negative in charge
9
Q
Living organisms need oxygen to survive. Which statement below is true
A
Oxygen is major element needed by animals, Some bacteria do not need oxygen to survive, such as anaerobic bacteria
10
Q
Asexual reproduction in bacteria can occur by ____________.
A
Binary fission
11
Q
Plants and Animals cells differ as
A
Plant cells have cell wall and cell membrane and animal cells have only cell membrane
12
Q
Hydrogen in water molecules can cause
A
Cohesion, Surface tension, Adhesion
13
Q
Which of the following have a nearly neutral pH ranging from 6.4 to 7.5 pH?
A
Milk, Blood, Pure water
14
Q
Cellulase is a/an
A
Enzyme found in some bacteria that can hydrolyze/break cellulose to glucose monomers
15
Q
Amino acids contain which of the following
A
Amino group (NH2) attached to carbon backbone, Carboxyl group (COOH) attached to carbon backbone, Hydrogen group (H) attached to carbon backbone
16
Q
What are the examples that associate with homeostasis in human body?
A
Normal Body temperature, Normal Glucose levels
17
Q
Which organism belonging to archaea can survive in extreme conditions above 100°C
A
Thermophile
18
Q
Which protein is involved in muscle contraction
A
Myosin
19
Q
Which of the following isotopes are used in treating cancer?
A
Cesium- 137
20
Q
A primary structure of protein contains
A
Only the amino acid chain linked by peptide bonds
21
Q
Which of the following are true about oils?
A
They are formed by dehydration synthesis between fatty acid and glycerol.
Contain more double bonds than fats.
Olive oil is a good example of plant based oils
22
Q
Living organisms are made of
A
Cells
23
Q
Table salt dissolves in water by
A
Sodium chloride ions that contain oppositely charged ions that attract the oxygen and hydrogen of water
molecules.
24
Q
Inorganic molecules ____
A
lack carbon
25
What is lactose?
A disaccharide containing one glucose and one galactose molecules
26
Choosing liquid based cooking oils, that are liquid at room temperature
Can reduce heart diseases, rich in unsaturated healthy fats
27
Dr. Ono has a very dizzy morning and feels dehydrated. What can he dissolve in water from his kitchen to boost his body to rehydrate quickly?
A pinch of Salt, A pinch of Glucose
28
If there were three carbon atom from planet mars trying to make a carbohydrate on earth, then how many carbons (C), hydrogens (H) and oxygen (O) would be in the carbohydrate molecule?
C3H6O3
29
How many bonds can the following oxygen molecule make oxygen gas (O2)
A single double bond
30
Organisms share what common characteristics that define life
Growth, Sense to stimuli, Evolve
31
Viruses are living organisms.
The statement is very true, because viruses needs a living host to survive
32
The last step of binary fission
is where the bacterial cell divides by a process called cytokinesis to form daughter cells
33
High levels of which compounds can lead to heart diseases.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), Triglycerides
34
The structure shown below is a _____.
Polysaccharide chitin in exoskeleton of crabs
35
In a living cell their genetic information is stored in the form of
DNA
36
Prokaryotic cells are ________.
unicellular
37
In humans, homeostasis of glucose levels is
maintained by secretion of two hormones called insulin and glucagon by the pancreas
38
Archaea and Bacteria are different because
Some archaea have the ability to survive extreme environmental conditions like hot springs but all bacteria
cannot
39
An atom
Carry overall neutral charge, Smallest unit of element, Contains protons, neutron and electrons
40
Free radicals occur in -
atoms with partially full valence shell like superoxide radicals.
41
Living organism have major elements such as
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
42
Water carries
slightly positive charge due to hydrogen and slightly negative charge due to oxygen
43
Covalent bonds are formed by
Nitrogen (N2) gas, Hydrogen (H2) gas, Oxygen (O2) gas
44
Pure water contains
Neutral pH 7.0, Equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions
45
Which of the following isotopes are used in labelling DNA in molecular biology?
Phosphorus-32
46
Sugar dissolves in water due to
The hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen of water molecule and hydrogen of the hydroxyl groups in
carbohydrates
47
All carbohydrates are organic molecules because they contain
mostly carbon with some oxygen and hydrogen
48
Carbonic acid – bicarbonate ion buffering system is
An example of homeostasis maintaining the human blood pH 7.2 approx
49
A biological polymer is
Formed by joining monomers by the removal of water in dehydration synthesis
50
Dr. Ono has a very dizzy morning and feels dehydrated. What can he dissolve in water from his kitchen to boost
his body to rehydrate?
A pinch of Salt
A pinch of Glucose
A splash of citrate from orange juice
51
If there were four carbon atom from planet mars trying to make a carbohydrate on earth, then how many carbons (C), hydrogens (H) and oxygen (O) would be in the carbohydrate molecule?
C4H8O4
52
RNA contains
A pentose sugar called ribose
53
What is maltose?
A disaccharide containing two glucose molecules
54
Enzymes are
Protein molecules that contains amino acid residues linked with peptide bonds
55
Which protein is involved in defense mechanism
Antibodies
56
Amino acids can
form the primary structure of the protein, Form zwitterions that contain a net neutral charge
57
Which of the following are true about fats?
They are formed by dehydration synthesis between fatty acids and glycerol and Contain more hydrogen bonds and single bonds than oils
58
A tertiary structure of protein contains
Primary structure of amino acid that folds into three dimensional structure
Disulfide bond and hydrogen bonds
Ionic and Hydrophobic interactions
59
Which protein is involved in structural function like forming webs/cocoons
Silk
60
Flow of energy from the sun to plants and animals are essential. What cannot occur in this process.
Nutrients are never recycled
61
In
| humans, normal body temperature fluctuates around the value of 37 °C (98.6 °F).
This is an example of homeostasis
62
There are about 20 amino acids contain which have which functional groups in common
```
Amino group (NH2) attached to carbon backbone,
Carboxyl group (COOH) attached to carbon backbone
```
63
The structure of a polysaccharide that contains a nitrogen functional group is:
Polysaccharide chitin in exoskeleton of crabs
64
Amylase is
A human salivary enzyme that can hydrolysis starch to glucose monomers
65
Dr. Ono has a very dizzy morning and feels dehydrated. What can he dissolve in water from his kitchen to boost his body to rehydrate quickly?
A pinch of Salt
| A pinch of Glucose
66
Which isotope is used to determine age of the ancient Egyptian mummies
Carbon-14 which has 5000 yrs as its half life
67
Carbohydrates such as cellulose are
not soluble due to lack of hydroxyl group
68
Which among these are acidic pH
Lemon juice
| Vinegar (acetic acid)
69
Some plant species can respond to stimuli such as touch.
Thigmotrophism
70
Nucleus of an atom contains –
Only protons and neutrons
71
Harmful effects free radicals can be quenched by
Eating fruits and vegetable and little chocolate
72
Which organisms are examples of living cells
bacteria
| yeast
73
Water has which of these properties
polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Cohesion and adhesion due to hydrogen bonds
74
Alkaline solution has
Less of H+ than OH- ions
75
Bacterial cell division needs
To undergo a binary cell division, which is an asexual mode of reproduction
76
Prokaryotic cells such as bacteria
has nucleoid that lacks membrane bound nucleus
77
In the list below, which characteristics are necessary in a living organism?
Maintain a level of complexity
Reproduce
Evolve
78
If there were seven carbon atom from planet mars trying to make a carbohydrate on earth, then how many carbons (C), hydrogens (H) and oxygen (O) would be in the carbohydrate molecule?
C7 H14 O7
79
Choosing cooking mediums, that are fats, which are solid at room temperature
rich in saturated unhealthy fats
increase more triglycerides and Low-density lipoproteins increasing health risks
80
Which among the list is not a trace element?
Oxygen
| Hydrogen
81
Hydrogen in water are
Slightly positive charge
| Electron donors
82
All biological molecules contain
an organic part that contain carbon in their backbone with oxygen and hydrogen
83
A three-dimensional structure of the protein can
Be destroyed by high heat like in boiled eggs
DNA mutations affecting the overall protein structure and function
84
A biological polymer usually breakdown to monomers by -
Hydrolysis process where enzymes catalyze the addition of water molecule to the polymer chain
85
Which of the following are true about fats?
They are formed by dehydration synthesis between fatty acid and glycerol
Contain more hydrogen bonds and single bonds than oils
butter is a good example of fats
86
RNA and DNA contains
A pentose sugar, where RNA has ribose and DNA has deoxyribose sugar
87
What is sucrose?
A disaccharide containing one glucose and one fructose molecules
88
Phagosome are
may be degraded when it fuses with a lysosome, they are vesicles that may have arose during phagocytosis of a bacteria, they may occur in human macrophage cells
89
Which statement below are not associated with loss of turgor pressure in plants.
plants in rainy season
90
The cell controls which substance it can transport in and out of cell. Why?
due to all the above
91
What passes through a cell membrane down the concentration gradient in a cell?
water
dissolved gases
lipid-soluble molecules water-soluble molecules
92
Which statements are true about ethanol passing through cell membrane?
as ethanol has a smaller molecular weight so passes quickly through a membrane
93
Kidneys in our bodies normally
is based on the same principle of dialysis to remove wastes from our bodies
94
Active transport in a cell can
moves ions like calcium from a region of low to a high concentration
95
“In a eukaryotic cell like plants, cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria”. Is the statement true or false?
True
96
Which Cell theory statements below are true?
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the basic functional units of life
All organisms are made up of one or more cells
97
Who was the first to see a living cell under microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
98
Which statement below are true for electron microscopes (EM)
DNA can be view in an EM
The surface structure of a cocci bacteria can be viewed under EM
Electron emitted from a magnetic field are used in EM
99
The plasma membrane of any cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells _____.
Have a phospho-lipid bilayer that isolates the cell contents
Has channel proteins within the phospho-lipid bilayer
100
What cannot occur in the “central dogma” of a healthy living cell?
HIV viral RNA can create its DNA sequence by reverse transcription
101
Which enzyme is important for DNA to be synthesized into RNA in a cell
RNA polymerase
102
Which cell is indicated in this image -
a prokaryotic cell
103
What kind of apparatus was used to see the structures in this image?
Transmission electron microscope
104
Locate S4 in the image. What structure could possibly be in this location?
chromosomal DNA
105
Locate S1 in the image. Which structure is shown here.
cell wall
106
If this image was of a Gram-positive Bacteria, then -
it would contain a thick peptidoglycan layer unlike gram negative
Bacillus anthrax is an example of gram positive bacteria
107
Locate S3 in the image. What could be present in this location? (it’s a tricky question)
Ribosome
Cytosol
Proteins
Plasmid DNA
108
Which structure/s is not seen in this image
Flagella
| sex-pilli
109
All plant cell have
mitochondria
cellulose in cell wall
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
110
The extracellular matrix (ECM) layer in human mammalian cells usually contains
Fibronectin
Collagen
Proteoglycan
111
Dr. Sherlock Holmes of Great Britain just found his great great maternal grandmother was from Africa. What could he do to find the answer?
test his own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
test the mtDNA from the body of his recently deceased mother
112
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
does not contain ribosomes on their surface
113
“Fermentation is a process by which cell breakdown glucose under aerobic conditions”. Is the statement true or false?
False
114
“ATP molecule has seven high energy phosphate bonds that is the key source for the cells to derive energy”. Is the statement true or false?
False
115
“If mitochondria has an defective enzyme in Krebs’s cycle in animal cells, there still would be 36 molecules of ATP formed in a cell”. Is this statement true or false?
False
116
“Ethanol and Carbon dioxide is formed during fermentation of glucose in yeasts, under aerobic conditions”. Is this statement true or false?
False
117
Crossing over (a genetic exchange) occurs in meiosis where one chromosomes can combine genes from both parents. (true/false)?
True
118
Which of the following molecular - cellular changes would generally be indicative of cancer/tumor
cell?
CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) mutated
p53 mutated
119
Of the following phases, which occurs during Mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
120
During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replication occur?
S
121
Which radiations that we discussed can cause adjacent thymine residues to form dimers on the same DNA strand?
Ultra violet
122
Which mutations in the DNA can cause the protein chain length to vary.
Frame-shift mutation
| Non-sense mutation
123
A mutation which results in a protein in which one amino acid is substituted for another is ____.
Missense mutation
124
Under conditions where methionine must be the first amino acid, what protein would be coded for by the following mRNA? 5'-CCUCAUAUGCGCCAUUAUAAGUGACACACA-3'
Met-arg-his-tyr-lys-stop
Met-arg-his-tyr-lys-stop
125
With what mRNA codon would the tRNA anticodon 5’-GAC-3’ be able to form a codon-anticodon base pairing interaction?
3’-CUG-5’
126
A messenger acid is 33 nucleotides long, including the initiator and termination codons. The number of amino acids in the protein translated from this mRNA is _______.
10
127
In bacteria, the transcription and translation process is/are ________________.
Occurring in a coupled manner.
128
There is a growing cancer cell in Sherlock Holmes’s mouth which is multiplying fast. Only, Professor Moriarty has the cure to the cancer as listed below in his personal diary! As Dr. Watson, which of the following therapy would you think could help Sherlock Holmes to slow down his cancer cells from dividing.
Regulatory RNA called interfering RNA complementary to mRNA in cancer cells
129
The tRNA in our cells is re-used again to cover all the codons of the genetic code needs to follows the _________ mechanism.
Wobble base pairing
130
Translation ends at a specific codon called stop codon.
True
131
DNA polymerase can bind anywhere on a gene to trigger a DNA replication process inside a human cell. (true/false)?
False
132
What is common about the function of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase
Adds nucleotides that grows antiparallel to the 3’ template strand end
133
RNA cannot form a double helix because of _____________.
2’ carbon attached to the OH group is present
134
Introns are junk nucleotides sequences on the DNA which are removed from the final mRNA transcript during translation. (true/false)?
False
135
mRNA transcription requires DNA polymerase enzyme activity to unwind the DNA to create a transcription bubble. (True/False)?
False
136
For protein synthesis in human cell which of the following is/are required?
5’-ATG-3’ sequence on coding DNA strand
ribosome
charged-tRNA
137
Which process occurs in the nucleus of a human cell.
DNA replication
| Splicing mRNA
138
For DNA replication to occur the parental DNA strands must separate partly by ________.
Helicase
139
DNA replication yields two double helices each containing one old strand complimentary to new strand. (True/False)?
True
140
What is the complimentary DNA strand for the following sequence 5’-ATGGCTCG-3’?
3’-TACCGAGC-5
141
A base paring can occur between nitrogenous base Thymine with guanine. (True or false)?
False
142
Two DNA strands are held to each other on the interior of a double helix by _________.
Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases
143
DNA has Thymine base which is a purine. Is it true/false?
False
144
DNA and RNA are negatively charged due to ______________.
Phosphate group
145
DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase can create a sugar-peptide bond. Is this statement true or false?
False
146
A single polynucleotide strand is a polymer of nucleotides which are linked by _________.
b. Phosphodiester bonds
147
A 5’end of a nucleotide means _______.
5’ carbon of the pentose attached to a phosphate group
148
Nucleotides are composed of __________.
Phosphate
Pentose
Purine or Pyrimidines
149
Which of the following are made of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
150
DNA is the genetic material in all _________.
Living cell
151
Which among the following molecules are nucleic acid?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
152
“If mitochondria were absent in animal cells, there still would be 36 molecules of ATP formed in a
cell”. Is this statement true or false?
False
153
“In a prokaryotic cell like plants, cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria”. Is the statement true or false?
False
154
Which statement is true about active transport?
an ATP is used during the process
155
The kidney performs an important function in humans by
filtering wastes such as excess salts and ions from our blood
a less painful process that mimics the painful hemodialysis as in a hospital set up.
156
Glucose easily dissolves in water but ---
cannot pass through as its too large and not lipid soluble
157
Which molecules can diffuse through channel proteins in a cell
water
| water-soluble molecules
158
Selective permeability ----
means the plasma membrane allows only specific substances to pass through
159
Why does plant appear wilted during water deprivation as
there is loss of turgor pressure due to loss of water from central vacuoles
160
Lysosomes are
small vesicles that arise from golgi apparatus
they contain hydrolytic enzymes
they degrade some invading bacteria
they aid in degrading old organelles
161
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is
a structure found in animals
they have ribosomes attached
RER are connected to nucleus where the RNA forms proteins
162
“Ethanol is formed during anaerobic fermentation reaction in yeasts”. Is this statement true or false?
True
163
“ATP molecule has three high energy phosphate bonds that is the key source for the cells to derive energy”. Is the statement true or false?
True
164
“Fermentation is a process by which cell breakdown glucose under anaerobic conditions”. Is the statement true or false?
True
165
All higher plant cells have
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Cytosol
166
Which statement is true about mitochondrial DNA
they are used to trace back human ancestral lineages
167
The extracellular matrix (ECM) layer a plant cell occurs
near the plasmodesmata cell junctions
contains pectin
contains cellulose
components of ECM can be found in jams and jellies
168
The structure’s in S8 (in the image) may contain _____
RNA, DNA and proteins
169
Locate S1 in the image. What terms are related with this structure that is associated with cell attachment and transfer of genetic material in other bacterial cells.
Attachment pili
Pillin
Sex-pilli
170
Which structure is associated with nucleoid.
S8
171
Locate S3 in the image. The structure is important for antibiotic gene transfer.
yes it’s a circular plasmid DNA
172
Locate S5 in the image. The structure is made of which protein associated with cell movement?
Flagellin
173
Which of the following represents the difference between gram-negative and gram positive bacteria?
Thick Lipopolysaccharide in gram negative versus the thick peptidoglycan of gram positive
bacteria
174
Which molecules are essential for a cell to form proteins from an RNA sequence
Ribosomes and tRNA with amino acid
175
Which of the following is true about the “central dogma” of a cell?
DNA transcribes to RNA in all healthy cells
RNA translates only to protein in all healthy cells
176
An animal cell plasma membrane is
made of membrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid lipid bi-layer
177
Electron Microscopes can view which of these following
Nucleic acids like RNA or DNA
Anywhere between 100 nano meter and 0.1 nano meters in diameter
178
In the 1600, what important discoveries were made
Robert Hooke saw dead cells in a cork under microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw living cells under microscope
The designs of the primitive microscopes were built
179
Cell theory states that
All living organism are made up of one or more cells.
180
DNA is the genetic material in all _________.
Living cell
