Chapter 4 Flashcards
The 3 step model of using stereotypes:
1) c__
2) a__
3) a__
categorization
activation
application
The 3 step model of using stereotypes:
1) Categorization: c__ someone as a m__ of a group.
When categorizing we look at:
- Prototypically: whether someone fits the “e__ features” of a category.
- Racial Phenotypicality Bias: physical features associated with a racial group encourage c__.
We also look at:
- Situational Influences: default categorization tends to be b__ s__ categories.
- c__ affects categorization
- we use the category on which someone d__
Level of Prejudice also has an affect.
classifying, member
essential
categorization
basic, social
context
differs
The 3 step model of using stereotypes:
2) Activation: the stereotype becomes a__
ex: you see an asian man and he could be categorized into asian (math, quiet, respectful) or men (athletic, aggressive, authoritative) but likely only __ will become activated.
Activation is a__ rather than c__.
accessible
one
automatic, controlled
ACTIVATION of stereotypes continued:
automatic stereotype activation study
- s__ perception can activate stereotypes.
- very quickly present black vs. white faces
- no c__ awareness.
- then ask to complete word stems that can be completed with stereotypes about black people or be completed with neutral words (i.e. hos__ (hostile or hospital)
-P__ group members automatically activated the stereotype.
subliminal
conscious
priming
ACTIVATION of stereotypes continued:
Is automatic activation inevitable?
-not necessarily
1) Cognitive Resources:
“cognitive l__” makes activation __ likely.
-in the previous priming study (black vs. white prime then word stems), when they added remembering a 10 digit code, stereotypes were not __.
-stereotypes activated only when people have enough m__ e__.
2) Associate Strength:
- How strong is the link from c__->s__
- well p__ links more likely to activate
- p__ people have strong category->stereotype links
3) Context:
Context affects which stereotype beliefs activate
-positive c__ activate positive s__
4) Motivation:
A-self-esteem threat->activate stereotype
-in a study where white or black managers gave negative or positive feedback-the __ feedback (aka threatening their self esteem) activated available stereotypes.
B-social adjustment:
- wanting to fit in->stereotype a__/s__
- social n__
C-Motivation to control prejudice
- people vary in how much they want to __ being prejudiced
- and to avoid a__ prejudiced
- greater m__->less a__.
load, less
activated
mental energy
category-> stereotype
practiced
prejudiced
contexts, stereotypes
negative
activation/suppression
norms
avoid
appearing
motivation, activation
The 3 step model of using stereotypes:
3) Application: The stereotype i__ a member of the group.
informs
3) Application:
Two key factors for controlled processes:
-motivation, ability.
activation->application unless __ and __ to inhibit it.,
1) Motivation: Comprehension Goals
- sometimes motivated to form a__ i__.
- lower stereotype __.
- give more weight to i__ information (i.e. info s__ to one person)
- especially for people most r__ to us (e.g. f__ and f__).
Motivation to control prejudice:
- greater motivation-> less __
- less p__ and p__ application
Social Power:
- having power over others-> more __
- motivated to ___ power difference.
Cognitive Styles:
-need for cognition: how much people like to think
__ NFC-> more stereotype application
-need for cognitive closure: wanting quick, definite answers to avoid ambiguity
__NFCC->more stereotype application
2) Ability
Must have cognitive resources to inhibit application.
-cognitive load inhibits stereotype __
-cognitive load facilitates stereotype __
motivated, able
accurate impressions application individuating specific relevant family, friends
application
public, private
application
maintain
more
more
lower
higher
activation
application
Consequences of Stereotypes:
In general, stereotypes lead to cognitive and perceptual biases when the information is u__/a__
unclear, ambiguous
Consequences of Stereotypes:
1) Biased Interpretation and Perception
- stereotypes guide how we understand other p__ and their a__.
- stereotypes change how you interpret __ of behavior. (loitering example)
1a) Biased Interpretation
- ex1: SES and intelligence
- people showed video of young girl giving answers to test
- gives some good answers, some bad-ambiguous if she is smart or not
- IV: depict girl as affluent or lower class
- DV: ask how smart is this girl?
- if upper class background-> perceive __ ability
- if lower class background-> perceive __ ability
- people m__ her performance and say d__ questions were important. (interpret it differently)
Biased interpretation
1b) ex2: stereotyping babies
- showed neutral baby but gave people name “michael” or “michelle”
- rated boy as more likely to be a__ and c__
2a)Biased perception
ex1-face perception
-showed a racially ambiguous face
-IV labeled them “black” or “white”
-DV draw the face
-external raters judged whether drawing was of black or white man
-judges could distinguish __ and __ faces
2b) Biased Perception
ex2-in game, people more likely mistook black characters as being armed and were __ to shoot them.
people, actions
meaning
high
low
misremember
different
aggressive, combative
black, white
faster
Consequences of Stereotypes:
2) Biased judgments and evaluations
2a- biased evaluations: g__ stereotypes bias our evaluations of i__.
ex: asian female job candidate
- applies for computer technician job
- focusing on __ identity->very qualified
- focusing on __ identity-> less qualified
ex2: criminal trial
- man accused of assault with 8 positive and 8 negative pieces of evidence.
- either hispanic or nondescript, otherwise the same
- the hispanic seems more a__, g__, likely to o__ again, and deserves h__ sentence.
group, individuals
asian, female
aggressive, guilty, offend, higher
Consequences of Stereotypes:
3) Directing attention: stereotypes can direct our attention
- if a social category is p__->better tuned to s__-c__ stimuli.
research: degraded image perception
- grainy photo slowly shows image
- how quickly can you pick out image?
1) subliminally primed black vs. white faces
2) identify subject of degraded pictures
IV: crime relevant vs crime irrelevant images
priming with black faces made people quicker to identify c__-r__ objects.
primed, stereotype-consistent
crime-related
Stereotype Effects Towards Oneself:
1) biased m__
2) i__ stereotypes
memories
internalized
Stereotype Effects Towards Oneself:
1) Biased memories:
- we remember ourselves as we __ to.
ex: age stereotypes and memory
- we associate some traits with old vs. young age
- when older adults remember younger selves they..
- overestimate their “__” traits and underestimate their “__” traits
ex2: remembering grades
- primed gender stereotypes
- “remember your standardized test scores”
- girls remember doing worse in __ than reality and boys remember doing better in __ than reality. opposite for the __.
expect
young (active, rugged), older (relaxed, intelligent)
math, math, arts
Stereotype Effects Towards Oneself:
2) internalized stereotypes:
- “the doll test”
- black children are given a black or white doll
- “which one do you want to play with?”
- “which one looks like you?”
- “which one is the pretty one?”
__% preferred the black doll
black children internalized common beliefs of their __
-influential in brown vs. board of education.
25
inferiority
