Chapter 3 Flashcards
Stereotypes:
Beliefs about the a__, c__, and b__ of members of various groups.
attributes, characteristics, behaviors
Schemas:
S__, s__-concepts, and b__ scripts.
stereotypes, self-concepts, and behavioral scripts.
Categorization:
Group s__ items together. (process of forming __)
-ignore d__, focus on s__.
similar
schemas
differences, similarity
Social Categorization:
We sort people into
- ingroups: groups we __ with, t__.
- outgroups: groups we e__ do not i__ with, implicitly m__.
identify, trust
explicitly, identify, mistrust.
Social categorization (in-groups and outgroups) are often based on important groups but can also be induced with minimal groups p__:
-share preference for abstract artist: __% of participants favored their own group.
In the first phase, participants are randomly and anonymously divided into two groups (e.g., “Group A” and “Group B”), ostensibly on the basis of trivial criteria (e.g., preference for paintings or the toss of a coin). Sometimes, these participants are strangers to one another. In the second phase, participants take part in an ostensibly unrelated resource distribution task. During this task, participants distribute a valuable resource (e.g., money or points) between other participants who are only identified by code number and group membership (e.g., “participant number 34 of Group A”). Participants are told that, after the task is finished, they will receive the total amount of the resource that has been allocated to them by the other participants.
paradigm
72.3%
Formation of Stereotypes:
1) Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: tendency to perceive more similarity in __ than __.
Causes of Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
-you know more __ members
-because you know more, there are more opportunities to learn about their individual d__ and it is easier to recall specific i__.
-we compare ourself to others within own group at __ level
-we compare differences between groups at __ level
as a result it is easier to generalize traits to a whole __.
outgroups, in-groups
in-group differences individuals individual group outgroup
Formation of Stereotypes:
2) Ultimate Attribution Error:
- attributions depend on i__ vs. o__
- p__ vs. n__ behavior
When our in-group does something positive we make a ___ attribution. When an out-group does something positive we make a __ attribution.
When our in-group does something negative, we make a __ attribution. When an outgroup does something negative we make a ___ attribution.
Thus we form __ about groups’ negative traits.
ex: people watched a video of a black or white person shoving someone.
- white person-> __ attribution
- black person-> the person is __
in-group, outgroup
positive, negative
dispositional, situational
situational, dispositional
beliefs
situational
violent
Formation of Stereotypes:
3) Social Role Theory:
- we assume people have characteristics of the __ they play.
- social r__->group c__.
ex: Social Group: Women
Traditional Social Role: caregivers/homemakers
-this role requires kindness and concern
thus: WOMEN are stereotyped as being especially k__ and e__.
ex 2: Social Group: Men
Traditional Social Role: bread winner, high status
-this roles requires self-confidence and assertiveness
thus: MEN are stereotyped as especially c__ and p__.
roles
roles, characteristics
kind, empathetic
confident, powerful
Formation of Stereotypes:
4) Illusory Correlation:
- When people see two d__ events, they assume the events are c__.
People assume group membership and behavior are associated when:
- a person’s g__ stands out AND
- a person’s b__ stands out
What stands out?
- s__, (m__) groups
- n__ behavior
distinctive, correlated
group, behavior
smaller, minority
negative
Transmission of Stereotypes:
1) Social Learning: p__ and p__ transmit stereotypes d__ and i__.
- directly: r__ or p__ for own behavior.
- indirectly: s__ someone else’s behavior
parents, peers, directly, indirectly.
rewarded, punished
seeing
Transmission of Stereotypes:
2) Media Influence: films, magazines, TV, and ads p__ and r__ stereotypes.
- arab characters portrayed as heartless, brutal and uncivilized
- black men often portrayed as poor and/or criminals
- men more likely depicted as authorities/professionals
present, reinforce
Transmission of Stereotypes:
3) Language and Inferences:
-q___ (e.g. “lady doctor,” or “male nurse.”) communicate it’s an e__.
-deviations from w__, m__ class English unacceptable.
-jokes transmit stereotypes and make them seem __
i__ the stereotypes in joke teller and laughter is a r__ (social learning).
qualifiers, exception
white, middle
acceptable
increases
reward
Function of Stereotypes:
1) Cognitive Function:
- Humans have limited c__. (can’t p__/r__ everything).
- we have h__ and s__ to aid in processing
- s__ to help us make decisions
-stereotypes are an inevitable consequence of s__ c__
capacity, process/remember
heuristics, schemas
shortcuts
social categorization
Function of Stereotypes:
2) Ego Defensive Function:
- Stereotypes are a way to make self feel __.
- protect self against threats by d__ source
- belong to a group that’s b__ than others
- project own f__ onto group (e.g. homophobia).
better
derogating
better
feelings
Function of Stereotypes:
3) Social Adjustment Function:
- putting r__ before other goals, like e__.
- express stereotypes to make people __ you.
relationships, equality
like
