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Lifespan Development > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

development from head to tail

- ex: head develops faster than the lower part of the body

A

cephalocaudal

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2
Q

development from near to far

- ex: head, chest, and trunk grow first; then arms and legs; then hands and feet

A

proximodistal

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3
Q

In infancy, girls are slightly ______ than boys with a ______ fat:muscle ratio.

A

shorter, higher

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4
Q

What is the best estimate of physical maturity and a measure of bone development?

A

skeletal age

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5
Q

At birth, the ______ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.

A

brain

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6
Q

100-200 billion neurons are produced in the embryo’s ______ ______.

A

neural tube

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7
Q

returns neurons to an uncommitted state; happens when neurons are not stimulated

A

synaptic pruning

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8
Q

Appropriate stimulation of the brain is vital during ______ periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak.

A

critical

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9
Q
  • electrodes on scalp measure brain waves for stability and organization
  • ERP to determine regions active during stimuli
A

EEG

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10
Q

radioactive dye traced to active brain regions

A

PET scan

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11
Q

magnetic field detects activity through blood flow

A

fMRI

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12
Q

flexible optical fibers attached to baby’s scalp using head cap

A

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

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13
Q

What is the last part of your body to finish growing?

A

the cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Which part of the brain is important for complex thought (e.g., executive processes, inhibiting impulses, integrating info, memory, reasoning, planning, problem solving)?

A

prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

Which half of the brain is important for analytical processing, language, logic, reasoning, verbal abilities, and positive emotion?

A

left hemisphere

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16
Q

Which half of the brain is important for integrative processing, creativity, emotion, intuition, spatial abilities, and negative emotion?

A

right hemisphere

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17
Q

ability of brain to adapt and reorganize after damage

A

plasticity

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18
Q
  • early and naturally
  • ordinary experiences expected for normal development
  • ex: interacting with people, walking, talking, learning a language, etc.
A

experience-expectant brain growth

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19
Q
  • throughout life
  • specific, individual learning experiences
  • ex: riding a bike, playing computer game, reading, writing, playing instrument
A

experience-dependent brain growth

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20
Q

Gradual shift to ___-___ sleeping schedule and _____ hours of sleep.

A

night, day, fewer

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21
Q

What are the benefits of co-sleeping?

A

builds a close parent-child bond, sleep is more constant, may help safeguard babies at risk for SIDS

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22
Q

strong _____ influence on height and weight

A

nature

23
Q

Nurture influences early growth via adequate ________.

A

nutrition

24
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

A
  • ensures nutritional completeness
  • provides correct fat-protein balance
  • helps ensure healthy physical growth
  • protects against disease and obesity
  • protects against faulty jaw and tooth development
  • ensures digestibility
  • smooths transition to solid foods
25
Q

1/3 of malnourished children are under the age of ____.

A

5

26
Q

How many kids are malnourished annually?

A

2.1 million kids

27
Q

diet low in essential nutrients

A

marasmus

28
Q

diet very low in protein; symptoms include distended belly

A

kwashiorkor

29
Q

changes in behavior that result from experience, a natural preference for new stimulation, observing others, and imitating others

A

learning

30
Q

gradual reduction in response to constant stimuli

A

habituation

31
Q

new stimuli increase responsiveness

A

recovery

32
Q
  • recovery to a new stimulus

- assesses infants’ recent memory

A

novelty preference

33
Q
  • habituation

- assesses infants’ remote memory

A

familiarity preference

34
Q
  • copying behavior of others
  • primitive and instinctual
  • nurture influence on learning
A

imitation

35
Q

Mirror neurons in motor cortex active in _________.

A

imitation

36
Q

_______ motor skills require large muscles (e.g., crawling, walking, standing, etc.)

A

Gross

37
Q

_______ motor skills require small muscles (e.g., grasping, reaching, etc.)

A

Fine

38
Q

theory of increasingly complex systems of action

A

dynamic systems theory

39
Q

What are the four assumptions of the Dynamic Systems Theory?

A

New skills as joint interactions…

  • Central nervous system development (e.g., brain and spinal cord muscles say “muscles move”)
  • Physical movement capacities (e.g., muscle strength)
  • Goals of child (e.g., have to want to move)
  • Environmental supports (e.g., parents encourage you to move)
40
Q

organizing and interpreting what you see

A

perception

41
Q

Infants filter sounds not used in ______ ________.

A

native languages

42
Q

ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves

A

depth perception

43
Q

_____ _____ to test depth perception in infants.

A

Visual cliff

44
Q

depth that occurs because eyes present different images

A

binocular depth

45
Q

depth that involves monocular cues

A

pictorial depth

46
Q

parallel lines of railroad tracks look like they meet as distance increases

A

linear perspective

47
Q

animals of different sizes

A

relative size

48
Q

object on top looks like its closer

A

overlap

49
Q

mountains look farther away

A

aerial perspective

50
Q

cranberry field

A

texture gradient

51
Q

looking at object out of train window

A

motion parallax

52
Q

Infants prefer looking at _______ stimuli.

A

patterned (e.g., faces)

53
Q

Infants prefer _____ faces and tend to have ___-___ bias.

A

female, own-race

Lifespan Development (6 decks)

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