Chapter 4

Question 1

development from head to tail

- ex: head develops faster than the lower part of the body

Answer 1

cephalocaudal

Question 2

development from near to far

- ex: head, chest, and trunk grow first; then arms and legs; then hands and feet

Answer 2

proximodistal

Question 3

In infancy, girls are slightly ______ than boys with a ______ fat:muscle ratio.

Answer 3

shorter, higher

Question 4

What is the best estimate of physical maturity and a measure of bone development?

Answer 4

skeletal age

Question 5

At birth, the ______ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.

Answer 5

brain

Question 6

100-200 billion neurons are produced in the embryo’s ______ ______.

Answer 6

neural tube

Question 7

returns neurons to an uncommitted state; happens when neurons are not stimulated

Answer 7

synaptic pruning

Question 8

Appropriate stimulation of the brain is vital during ______ periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak.

Answer 8

critical

Question 9

• electrodes on scalp measure brain waves for stability and organization
• ERP to determine regions active during stimuli

Answer 9

EEG

Question 10

radioactive dye traced to active brain regions

Answer 10

PET scan

Question 11

magnetic field detects activity through blood flow

Answer 11

fMRI

Question 12

flexible optical fibers attached to baby’s scalp using head cap

Answer 12

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Question 13

What is the last part of your body to finish growing?

Answer 13

the cerebral cortex

Question 14

Which part of the brain is important for complex thought (e.g., executive processes, inhibiting impulses, integrating info, memory, reasoning, planning, problem solving)?

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Which half of the brain is important for analytical processing, language, logic, reasoning, verbal abilities, and positive emotion?

Answer 15

left hemisphere

Question 16

Which half of the brain is important for integrative processing, creativity, emotion, intuition, spatial abilities, and negative emotion?

Answer 16

right hemisphere

Question 17

ability of brain to adapt and reorganize after damage

Answer 17

plasticity

Question 18

• early and naturally
• ordinary experiences expected for normal development
• ex: interacting with people, walking, talking, learning a language, etc.

Answer 18

experience-expectant brain growth

Question 19

• throughout life
• specific, individual learning experiences
• ex: riding a bike, playing computer game, reading, writing, playing instrument

Answer 19

experience-dependent brain growth

Question 20

Gradual shift to ___-___ sleeping schedule and _____ hours of sleep.

Answer 20

night, day, fewer

Question 21

What are the benefits of co-sleeping?

Answer 21

builds a close parent-child bond, sleep is more constant, may help safeguard babies at risk for SIDS

Question 22

strong _____ influence on height and weight

Answer 22

nature

Question 23

Nurture influences early growth via adequate ________.

Answer 23

nutrition

Question 24

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

Answer 24

• ensures nutritional completeness
• provides correct fat-protein balance
• helps ensure healthy physical growth
• protects against disease and obesity
• protects against faulty jaw and tooth development
• ensures digestibility
• smooths transition to solid foods

Question 25

1/3 of malnourished children are under the age of ____.

Answer 25

5

Question 26

How many kids are malnourished annually?

Answer 26

2.1 million kids

Question 27

diet low in essential nutrients

Answer 27

marasmus

Question 28

diet very low in protein; symptoms include distended belly

Answer 28

kwashiorkor

Question 29

changes in behavior that result from experience, a natural preference for new stimulation, observing others, and imitating others

Answer 29

learning

Question 30

gradual reduction in response to constant stimuli

Answer 30

habituation

Question 31

new stimuli increase responsiveness

Answer 31

recovery

Question 32

- recovery to a new stimulus | - assesses infants' recent memory

Answer 32

novelty preference

Question 33

- habituation | - assesses infants' remote memory

Answer 33

familiarity preference

Question 34

- copying behavior of others - primitive and instinctual - nurture influence on learning

Answer 34

imitation

Question 35

Mirror neurons in motor cortex active in _________.

Answer 35

imitation

Question 36

_______ motor skills require large muscles (e.g., crawling, walking, standing, etc.)

Answer 36

Gross

Question 37

_______ motor skills require small muscles (e.g., grasping, reaching, etc.)

Answer 37

Fine

Question 38

theory of increasingly complex systems of action

Answer 38

dynamic systems theory

Question 39

What are the four assumptions of the Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 39

New skills as joint interactions... - Central nervous system development (e.g., brain and spinal cord muscles say "muscles move") - Physical movement capacities (e.g., muscle strength) - Goals of child (e.g., have to want to move) - Environmental supports (e.g., parents encourage you to move)

Question 40

organizing and interpreting what you see

Answer 40

perception

Question 41

Infants filter sounds not used in ______ ________.

Answer 41

native languages

Question 42

ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves

Answer 42

depth perception

Question 43

_____ _____ to test depth perception in infants.

Answer 43

Visual cliff

Question 44

depth that occurs because eyes present different images

Answer 44

binocular depth

Question 45

depth that involves monocular cues

Answer 45

pictorial depth

Question 46

parallel lines of railroad tracks look like they meet as distance increases

Answer 46

linear perspective

Question 47

animals of different sizes

Answer 47

relative size

Question 48

object on top looks like its closer

Answer 48

overlap

Question 49

mountains look farther away

Answer 49

aerial perspective

Question 50

cranberry field

Answer 50

texture gradient

Question 51

looking at object out of train window

Answer 51

motion parallax

Question 52

Infants prefer looking at _______ stimuli.

Answer 52

patterned (e.g., faces)

Question 53

Infants prefer _____ faces and tend to have ___-___ bias.

Answer 53

female, own-race