Chapter 4 Flashcards
development from head to tail
- ex: head develops faster than the lower part of the body
cephalocaudal
development from near to far
- ex: head, chest, and trunk grow first; then arms and legs; then hands and feet
proximodistal
In infancy, girls are slightly ______ than boys with a ______ fat:muscle ratio.
shorter, higher
What is the best estimate of physical maturity and a measure of bone development?
skeletal age
At birth, the ______ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
brain
100-200 billion neurons are produced in the embryo’s ______ ______.
neural tube
returns neurons to an uncommitted state; happens when neurons are not stimulated
synaptic pruning
Appropriate stimulation of the brain is vital during ______ periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak.
critical
- electrodes on scalp measure brain waves for stability and organization
- ERP to determine regions active during stimuli
EEG
radioactive dye traced to active brain regions
PET scan
magnetic field detects activity through blood flow
fMRI
flexible optical fibers attached to baby’s scalp using head cap
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
What is the last part of your body to finish growing?
the cerebral cortex
Which part of the brain is important for complex thought (e.g., executive processes, inhibiting impulses, integrating info, memory, reasoning, planning, problem solving)?
prefrontal cortex
Which half of the brain is important for analytical processing, language, logic, reasoning, verbal abilities, and positive emotion?
left hemisphere
Which half of the brain is important for integrative processing, creativity, emotion, intuition, spatial abilities, and negative emotion?
right hemisphere
ability of brain to adapt and reorganize after damage
plasticity
- early and naturally
- ordinary experiences expected for normal development
- ex: interacting with people, walking, talking, learning a language, etc.
experience-expectant brain growth
- throughout life
- specific, individual learning experiences
- ex: riding a bike, playing computer game, reading, writing, playing instrument
experience-dependent brain growth
Gradual shift to ___-___ sleeping schedule and _____ hours of sleep.
night, day, fewer
What are the benefits of co-sleeping?
builds a close parent-child bond, sleep is more constant, may help safeguard babies at risk for SIDS
strong _____ influence on height and weight
nature
Nurture influences early growth via adequate ________.
nutrition
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
- ensures nutritional completeness
- provides correct fat-protein balance
- helps ensure healthy physical growth
- protects against disease and obesity
- protects against faulty jaw and tooth development
- ensures digestibility
- smooths transition to solid foods
1/3 of malnourished children are under the age of ____.
5
How many kids are malnourished annually?
2.1 million kids
diet low in essential nutrients
marasmus
diet very low in protein; symptoms include distended belly
kwashiorkor
changes in behavior that result from experience, a natural preference for new stimulation, observing others, and imitating others
learning
gradual reduction in response to constant stimuli
habituation
new stimuli increase responsiveness
recovery
- recovery to a new stimulus
- assesses infants’ recent memory
novelty preference
- habituation
- assesses infants’ remote memory
familiarity preference
- copying behavior of others
- primitive and instinctual
- nurture influence on learning
imitation
Mirror neurons in motor cortex active in _________.
imitation
_______ motor skills require large muscles (e.g., crawling, walking, standing, etc.)
Gross
_______ motor skills require small muscles (e.g., grasping, reaching, etc.)
Fine
theory of increasingly complex systems of action
dynamic systems theory
What are the four assumptions of the Dynamic Systems Theory?
New skills as joint interactions…
- Central nervous system development (e.g., brain and spinal cord muscles say “muscles move”)
- Physical movement capacities (e.g., muscle strength)
- Goals of child (e.g., have to want to move)
- Environmental supports (e.g., parents encourage you to move)
organizing and interpreting what you see
perception
Infants filter sounds not used in ______ ________.
native languages
ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves
depth perception
_____ _____ to test depth perception in infants.
Visual cliff
depth that occurs because eyes present different images
binocular depth
depth that involves monocular cues
pictorial depth
parallel lines of railroad tracks look like they meet as distance increases
linear perspective
animals of different sizes
relative size
object on top looks like its closer
overlap
mountains look farther away
aerial perspective
cranberry field
texture gradient
looking at object out of train window
motion parallax
Infants prefer looking at _______ stimuli.
patterned (e.g., faces)
Infants prefer _____ faces and tend to have ___-___ bias.
female, own-race
