Chapter 3 Flashcards
secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum
corpus luteum
During which prenatal development period does the zygote form (conception) and the blastocyst implant to the uterine wall (implantation)?
germinal period
cells on the inside of the blastocyst, become the new organism
embryoblast
- forms amnion, which encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid to keep its temperature constant and provide cushion
- becomes structures that provide protective covering and nourishment
trophoblast
contains two parts with cellular differentiation
blastocyst
As many as 30% of zygotes don’t survive the _______ period.
implantation
Cells of the trophoblast form the ________.
chorion
surrounds the amnion; contains villi that burrow into the uterine wall so that the placenta can begin developing
chorion
permits oxygen and food to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away
placenta
connects the placenta to the baby
umbilical cord
What is the prenatal developmental period where the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs?
embryonic period
The embryo differentiates into what three layers?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
The neural tube (primitive spinal cord), nervous system, skin, hair, and sweat glands develop from which embryonic layer?
ectoderm
Bones, muscles, parts of the heart, and other organs develop from which embryonic layer?
mesoderm
Parts of organs, the digestive tract, respiratory system, and urinary tract develop from which embryonic layer?
endoderm
What is the prenatal developmental period that consists of continued organ development and tremendous growth?
fetal period
During what trimester can you determine the sex of the baby?
first trimester
During what trimester does the baby develop vernix and lanugo?
second trimester
During what trimester can the mom feel the baby’s movements?
second trimester
During what trimester are most organs well developed and most neurons in place?
second trimester
What is the point at which the baby can first survive?
22-26 weeks
When can the baby habituate to distinguish tones and rhythms of different voices and sounds?
third trimester
chromosomal or genetic abnormalities passed from mom to baby are an example of _______.
nature
maternal behaviors or environmental conditions that influence the baby are examples of _______.
nurture
any environmental agent harming the embryo/fetus
teratogen
The effect of teratogens depends on what four factors?
- level (dosage)
- timing of exposure (sensitive periods)
- heredity
- presence of additional negative factors (poor medical care, poor nutrition)
The _______ period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur/teratogens are most harmful because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down [sensitive periods].
embryonic
prescription drugs, illegal drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, infectious diseases (HIV, AIDS), maternal nutrition, maternal stress, and maternal age are all examples of _____________.
teratogens
What is the prenatal effect of smoking tobacco?
low birth weight
_______ babies are born several weeks (< 37 weeks) before due date.
Preterm
_______ babies are below expected weight considering length of pregnancy.
Low birth weight
_______ babies usually have more serious problems and probably experienced inadequate nutrition before birth.
Low birth weight
Isolettes and kangaroo care are interventions for ______ babies.
preterm
unlearned, automatic responses to stimuli that have survival value (e.g., jerk hand from stove) and encourage gratifying interaction (e.g., baby grabbing finger)
reflexes
turns head toward direction of cheek touch
root reflex
touch to roof of infant’s mouth triggers sucking
suck reflex
move head back and extend their arms and legs in response to startle
moro reflex
when baby’s neck is turned, same arm stretches, opposite bends
tonic neck reflex
stroking palm causes fingers to close around object
grasp reflex
when bottom of foot stroked, toes fan out
babinski reflex
when held upright over ground, “steps” appear
step reflex
Which state of arousal is vital for central nervous system growth?
REM sleep
Newborn spends more time in _____ sleep than they ever will again.
REM
Abnormal crying is called ______.
colic
What is the least developed of babies’ senses?
vision
Babies focus on ____ and _____, not color.
light, dark
Babies prefer to look at ________ stimuli.
colored
Babies can focus _____.
8-10 inches; 20/400
______ and ______ are fully developed at birth.
Hearing, smell
Babies prefer ____-pitched voices and attend to conversation ______.
higher, volume
Babies prefer ______ to sour or bitter and _____ _____ to formula.
sweet, breast milk
Babies have a smell preference for ________.
their own mother
Babies prefer what kind of touch?
constriction, security
