Chapter 2 Flashcards
genetic information; what your genes let you express
genotype
expressed, directly observable, characteristics
phenotype
What are the three components of the nucleus’s genetic blueprint?
chromosomes, genes, DNA
store and transmit genetic information; within cell nucleus
chromosomes
segments of DNA along the length of the chromosome
genes
directly affect our body’s characteristics
protein-coding genes
modify the instructions given by protein coding genes
regulator genes
sex cells (sperm and ovum); contain 23 chromosomes
gametes
union of sperm and ovum (conception)
zygote
result when a zygote separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals; individuals have the same genetic makeup
monozygotic (identical) twins
result from the release of two ova; individuals genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings
dizygotic (fraternal) twins
versions of genes (heterozygous or homozygous)
alleles
expressive dominant or recessive trait
homozygous
expressive dominant trait only
heterozygous
both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait that is intermediate between the two (e.g., sickle cell trait)
incomplete-dominance pattern
X chromosomes with a harmful allele are inherited; affects males mostly (e.g., hemophilia)
X-linked pattern
usually occurs with errors in mitosis or meiosis (too few or too many), effect of maternal age, environmental influences
chromosomal abnormalities
What are the four environmental contexts for development?
family, socioeconomic status, neighborhoods/schools, cultural context
What is the first and longest-lasting environmental context for development?
family
parenting style (e.g., firm but warm discipline vs. harsh and impatient discipline) is an example of ______ influence on children’s development.
direct
third parties of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (marital conflict vs. warm, considerate marriage) are an example of _______ influence on children’s development.
indirect
combines years of education, prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, and income
SES
What three factors affect SES?
timing of marriage and parenthood, number of children (family size), child-rearing practices and ideals
People who work in skilled manual occupations (e.g., truck drivers, construction workers) tend to marry and have children ______ AND have ______ children than people in professional occupations.
earlier, more
Lower SES parents emphasize ________ characteristics (obedience, politeness, neatness).
external
Higher SES parents emphasize ________ characteristics (curiosity, happiness, self-direction, cognitive and social maturity).
psychological
Poverty is hardest on _____, _____, and _____.
children, minorities, elderly
______ leads to greater access to enrichment.
Affluence
Communities have a greater impact on __________ __________ than well-to-do young people.
- ex: transportation, after school programs
economically disadvantaged
What are the three ways schools influence development?
physical environment, educational philosophies, social opportunities
What are American cultural norms?
- “me” vs “we”
- care and rearing of children and paying for that care are the duty of parents and only parents
- value independence, self-reliance, and the privacy of family life
groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture
- ex: extended family households, collectivism vs. individualism
subcultures
laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions
- ex: Affordable Care Act, Social Security, Medicare
public policies
study of relationship b/t nature and nurture
- twin studies: nurture
- adoption: nature and nurture
behavioral genetics
degree to which traits are attributable to genetics or environment
heritability
- caregivers provide environments (e.g., athletic parents emphasizing outdoor activities and enrolling their kids in sports they like)
- child has no control over environment
passive [gene-environment] correlation
children seek environments matching heredity (e.g., studious child spends time at the library, athletic child willingly invests in sports)
active [gene-environment] correlation
tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity (e.g., picking a college, a major, a friend group)
niche-picking
- development constantly changing courses
- ongoing bidirectional exchanges between nature and nurture
epigenesis
