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Lifespan Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

genetic information; what your genes let you express

A

genotype

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2
Q

expressed, directly observable, characteristics

A

phenotype

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3
Q

What are the three components of the nucleus’s genetic blueprint?

A

chromosomes, genes, DNA

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4
Q

store and transmit genetic information; within cell nucleus

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

segments of DNA along the length of the chromosome

A

genes

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6
Q

directly affect our body’s characteristics

A

protein-coding genes

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7
Q

modify the instructions given by protein coding genes

A

regulator genes

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8
Q

sex cells (sperm and ovum); contain 23 chromosomes

A

gametes

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9
Q

union of sperm and ovum (conception)

A

zygote

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10
Q

result when a zygote separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals; individuals have the same genetic makeup

A

monozygotic (identical) twins

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11
Q

result from the release of two ova; individuals genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings

A

dizygotic (fraternal) twins

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12
Q

versions of genes (heterozygous or homozygous)

A

alleles

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13
Q

expressive dominant or recessive trait

A

homozygous

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14
Q

expressive dominant trait only

A

heterozygous

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15
Q

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait that is intermediate between the two (e.g., sickle cell trait)

A

incomplete-dominance pattern

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16
Q

X chromosomes with a harmful allele are inherited; affects males mostly (e.g., hemophilia)

A

X-linked pattern

17
Q

usually occurs with errors in mitosis or meiosis (too few or too many), effect of maternal age, environmental influences

A

chromosomal abnormalities

18
Q

What are the four environmental contexts for development?

A

family, socioeconomic status, neighborhoods/schools, cultural context

19
Q

What is the first and longest-lasting environmental context for development?

A

family

20
Q

parenting style (e.g., firm but warm discipline vs. harsh and impatient discipline) is an example of ______ influence on children’s development.

A

direct

21
Q

third parties of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (marital conflict vs. warm, considerate marriage) are an example of _______ influence on children’s development.

A

indirect

22
Q

combines years of education, prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, and income

A

SES

23
Q

What three factors affect SES?

A

timing of marriage and parenthood, number of children (family size), child-rearing practices and ideals

24
Q

People who work in skilled manual occupations (e.g., truck drivers, construction workers) tend to marry and have children ______ AND have ______ children than people in professional occupations.

A

earlier, more

25
Q

Lower SES parents emphasize ________ characteristics (obedience, politeness, neatness).

A

external

26
Q

Higher SES parents emphasize ________ characteristics (curiosity, happiness, self-direction, cognitive and social maturity).

A

psychological

27
Q

Poverty is hardest on _____, _____, and _____.

A

children, minorities, elderly

28
Q

______ leads to greater access to enrichment.

A

Affluence

29
Q

Communities have a greater impact on __________ __________ than well-to-do young people.
- ex: transportation, after school programs

A

economically disadvantaged

30
Q

What are the three ways schools influence development?

A

physical environment, educational philosophies, social opportunities

31
Q

What are American cultural norms?

A
  • “me” vs “we”
  • care and rearing of children and paying for that care are the duty of parents and only parents
  • value independence, self-reliance, and the privacy of family life
32
Q

groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture
- ex: extended family households, collectivism vs. individualism

A

subcultures

33
Q

laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions
- ex: Affordable Care Act, Social Security, Medicare

A

public policies

34
Q

study of relationship b/t nature and nurture

  • twin studies: nurture
  • adoption: nature and nurture
A

behavioral genetics

35
Q

degree to which traits are attributable to genetics or environment

A

heritability

36
Q
  • caregivers provide environments (e.g., athletic parents emphasizing outdoor activities and enrolling their kids in sports they like)
  • child has no control over environment
A

passive [gene-environment] correlation

37
Q

children seek environments matching heredity (e.g., studious child spends time at the library, athletic child willingly invests in sports)

A

active [gene-environment] correlation

38
Q

tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity (e.g., picking a college, a major, a friend group)

A

niche-picking

39
Q
  • development constantly changing courses

- ongoing bidirectional exchanges between nature and nurture

A

epigenesis

Lifespan Development (6 decks)

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