Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Freshman > Chapter 4-7 Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 4-7 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acid monomers

A

Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides
DNA has deoxyribonucleotides
RNA has ribonucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nucleic acid polymers?

A

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acid polymers
DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA= ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary structure of DNA

A

Linear sequence of nucleotides/nitrogenous bases (ATGC) linked together via phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary structure of DNA

A

Double- helix, hydrogen bonding between the bases, antiparallel strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tertiary structure of DNA

A

Supercoils, wrapping around histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are all the bases of DNA and how do they pair?

A

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are all the bases of RNA and how do they pair?

A

Adenine - Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines and which ones are purines? (Remember shorter name longer structure)

A

Pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, and thymine
Purines: guanine, adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. The sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA is deoxyribose and RNA’s sugar is ribose (Primary structure diff.)
  2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine (Primary structure diff.)
  3. RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double-stranded (Secondary structure), therefore making RNA less stable
  4. The OH group on ribose is much more reactive than the H in deoxyribose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary structure of RNA

A

Linear structure of bases, extending from a sugar-phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary structure of RNA

A

Double helical stem and unpaired loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tertiary Structure of RNA

A

Pseudoknots and more complex, weird loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three components of nucleotides

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Five carbon sugar
  3. Nitrogenous base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Between RNA and DNA which has the sugar with a hydroxyl group (OH) on the 2’?

A

RNA has the OH, DNA just has an H (hence the DEOXY…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The relation between amino acid and polypeptide is similar to the relationship between

a) phospholipid and plasma membrane
b) nucleotide and nucleic acid
c) glycogen and glucose
d) triglycerides and steroids

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do nucleotides polymerize to form nucleic acids? What bonds form between nucleotides?

A

Condensation reaction; phosphodiester bond, a covalent bond between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the double helix stabilized?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonding between the base pairs
  2. Hydrophobic interactions (what causes the DNA to twist)
  3. Van der Waals interactions (what forms base stacking)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which bases pairs have three hydrogen bonds? (Hint: think about how which base pairs are have a faithful marriage when in DNA and RNA)

A

Guanine and Cytosine.
Adenine (the cheater) has two bonds with both thymine and uracil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which RNA structure will form spontaneously?

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In RNA’s secondary and tertiary structures, the bases participating in hydrogen bonding are ___.

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carbohydrate monomers

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oligosaccharides = __ sugars

A

Few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polysaccharides = __ sugars

A

Many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

4 ways carbohydrates differ

A
  1. Aldose or ketone placement of the carbonyl group
  2. Number of carbon
  3. Different arrangement of hydroxyl groups in space
  4. Linear and alternative ring forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the carbohydrate molecular formula?

A

(CH2O)n
n= # carbon hydrates
ranges 3=1000+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the carbonyl group located on an aldose?

A

The end of a carbon chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is the carbonyl on a ketose?

A

Within the carbon chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

___ can be used as a source of carbon atoms or energy. ___ must be converted to (first blank) first.

A

Glucose, Galactose, Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phosphodiester is between __’ phosphate group and __’ hydroxyl group

A

5, 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

N-terminus vs C-terminus

A

N has amino
C has carboxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Purines will always bind to ___

A

pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Steps in DNA replication

A
  1. Strand separation (breaking of hydrogen bonds)
  2. Complementary base pairing
  3. Polymerization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

True or False: RNA is more diverse in size and shape compared to DNA

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of a ribozyme

A

To catalyze reactions (have active sites like proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Carbohydrates would be considered

a) polar
b) nonpolar
c) hydrophobic
d) hydrophilic

A

a and d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

5 types of carbohydrates

A
  1. Starch
  2. Cellulose
  3. Glycogen
  4. Chitin
  5. Peptidoglycan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

OH placement on glucose and galactose

A

glucose: behind plane
galactose: above plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The predominant form of glucose dissolved in an aqueous solution is __.

A

the ring configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Aldose and ketone are both __

A

carbonyls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pentose is in ___.

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are two things you can look at to distinguish carbohydrates?

A
  1. # of carbon atoms
  2. OH orientation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Monosaccharides polymerize via ___ reaction and form ___ linkages

A

condensation, glycosidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

2 most common glycosidic linkages

A
  1. alpha 1-4
  2. beta 1-4
    1 and 4 refers to the C-1 and c-4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to __ in proteins and ___ in nucleic acids

A

Peptide, phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

5 types of polysaccharides

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
  4. Chitin
  5. Peptidoglycan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Starch is energy storage in ___ cells. and has __ glucose monomers, forming an ___ helix

A

plant, alpha, alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Amylose has an alpha-_ glycosidic linkage and amylopectin has an alpha 1-_ glycosidic linkage. Which one has a branching structure?

A

4, 6, amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Glycogen is energy storage in __ and it’s stored in the __ and __.

A

animals, liver, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Glycogen can be broken into __ monomers for energy and has a ___ alpha glucose polymer (1-6).

A

glucose, branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Cellulose is a ___ polymer and has a __ 1-4 glycosidic linkage. It has __ bonds between adjacent parallel strands.

A

structural, beta, hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cellulose is a major component of the __ __ in plant cells.

A

cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

True or false: Cellulose is not a linear molecule

A

False, it is linear and looks like a ladder (hydrogen bonds are the rungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Similar to cellulose, chitin is a ___ polymer.

A

structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Chitin is a major component of the cell wall of __ and the exoskeleton for __ and __.

A

fungi, insects, crustaceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Chitin has a beta __ glycosidic linkage and it has hydrogen bonds between ___ parallel strands.

A

1-4, adjacent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Peptidoglycan is found in __ cell walls.

A

bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

All of the structural carbohydrates have __ structures.

A

linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Peptidoglycan has a __ 1-4 glycosidic linkage and ___ bonds between adjacent strands (make it a bit stronger).

A

beta, peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Glycosidic bonds form between what groups?

A

hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Why can animals easily degrade starch, but not cellulose?

A

Animals can degrade alpha 1-4 but not beta 1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan form short/long strands.

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

4 functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Precursors for many different types of molecules
  2. Structural support
  3. Cell identity
  4. Storage of chemical energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Two reasons why beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages do NOT hydrolyze easily

A
  1. Most organisms lack the enzymes to hydrolyze them
  2. Fibers exclude water, making hydrolysis difficult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

2 structures important for cell identity function

A
  1. Glycoproteins- protein+carb
  2. Glycolipids- lipid+carb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is cell-to-cell recognition?

A

When cells can identify themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Cell-cell signaling

A

communication b/w cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

C-O bonds are held tightly and have high/low potential energy.

C-H/C-C bonds are weaker and have high/low potential energy.

A

low, high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

3 types of lipids

A
  1. Fats
  2. Steroids
  3. Phospholipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

All three types of lipids found in cells are insoluble in water because they all possess __

a) fatty acids
b) many ester linkages
c) lots of hydrocarbons

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Why is a plasma membrane necessary?

A
  • keeps all organelles inside the cell
  • facilitates what goes in and out the cell
  • important in chemical reactions
  • creates different concentration gradients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are key parts of lipid structure?

A
  1. Carbon containing compounds
  2. HYDROCARBONS
  3. Nonpolar C-C and C-H

VERY hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Fatty acids are a hydrocarbon chain with around __ to __ carbon atoms and a ___ functional group.

A

14, 20, carboxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids, which one has the double bond?

A
  1. Unsaturated, has the double bond
  2. Saturated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What can the double bond create in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Kinks, meaning unsaturated fatty acids can be polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Three S’s: Saturated, ___, and ___

A

single (bonds), solid (because long tails are stiff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Which ones has the max amount of Hydrogens, unsaturated or saturated?

A

Saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Unsaturated bonds have long or short bonds?

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Steroids have a bulky __ __ structure.

A

four-ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

How do steroids differ?

A

By functional groups attached to the C’s in the ring

79
Q

Lipids always have a ___ and ___ section.

A

polar (head), nonpolar (tail)

80
Q

Fats, or triglycerides, have three fatty acids linked to a ___. Fats are useful for storing ___.

A

glycerol, energy

81
Q

Do fats or carbs store more energy? Why?

A

Fats, because they have high energy bonds (equal sharing, non covalent)

82
Q

When a dehydration reaction takes place to form a triglyceride, what sort of linkage is formed? How many are in a triglyceride?

A

Ester linkage, three

83
Q

An ester linkage forms between a hydroxyl group of a ___ and a carboxyl group of a ___ ___ ___.

A

glycerol, free fatty acid

84
Q

Phospholipids are a glycerol linked to a ___ group and two ___ chains. They form cell membranes in ___ environment.

A

phosphate, hydrocarbon, aqueous

85
Q

Bacteria and Eukarya have __ __ tails and Archaea have ___ tails

A

fatty acid, isoprenoid

86
Q

What type of chemical interaction do phospholipid have with their environment?

a) only hydrophobic
b) amphipathic
c) covalent
d) only hydrophilic

A

b

87
Q

Amphipathic is a quality ALL lipids share, meaning they have a hydrophilic ___ and hydrophobic ___.

A

head, tail

88
Q

Parts of a lipid head

A
  • glycerol
  • phosphate (negative charge)
  • charged polar group
89
Q

Parts of a lipid tail

A
  • nonpolar
  • no hydrogen bonds
90
Q

What does the lipid head and tail form together?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

91
Q

Hormones and ligands are part of what lipid function?

A

Cell signaling

92
Q

5 main lipid functions

A
  1. Store chemical energy
  2. Act as pigments that capture sunlight (chlorophyll)
  3. Serve as signals between cells
  4. Form waterproof coating on skin and cells
  5. Act as vitamins in cellular processes
93
Q

Lipid bilayers show ___ permeability

A

selective

94
Q

What passes through lipid bilayer the easiest?

A

Small, nonpolar molecules
ex: O2, CO2, N2

95
Q

What passes the lipid bilayer from easiest to hardest?

A
  1. Small, non polar/uncharged
  2. Small, charged (ex:H2O)
  3. Large, uncharged, polar (ex: glucose)
  4. Small ions
96
Q

4 factors that affect permeability

A
  1. Length of hydrocarbon tails
  2. Saturation state of hydrocarbon tails
  3. Presence of cholesterol
  4. Temperature
97
Q

Permeability =

A

Fluidity

98
Q

Which is MORE fluid, short or long tails?

A

Short, because there are less van der Waals and less packing

99
Q

Which is LESS fluid, saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated, because the double bonds can lead to kinks

100
Q

Does cholesterol reduce or increase membrane permeability?

A

Reduce, because it increase packing density

101
Q

Fluidity increase as the temperature goes ___

A

up.

102
Q

Diffusion or Osmosis

-spontaneous
-molecules and ions
-based on concentration gradient
-high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

103
Q

What is the end goal of osmosis AND diffusion?

A

Equilibrium

104
Q

After diffusion reaches equilibrium, will molecules still move around?

A

Yes, but there will be no more net movement

105
Q

Is diffusion active or passive transport?

A

Passive, not energy required

106
Q

What are the two conditions for osmosis to occur?

A
  • there has to be a concentration gradient
  • membrane only allows water to pass through
107
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution OUTSIDE concentration is HIGHER than concentration inside than the cell

108
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution OUTSIDE the cell is LOWER than concentration outside the cell.

109
Q

For a hypertonic solution, water will move__ the cell, resulting in __ of the cell

A

out, shrinking

110
Q

For a hypotonic solution, water will move __ the cell, resulting in __ of the cell

A

into, swelling/bursting

111
Q

How does the cell change in an isotonic solution?

A

It doesn’t

112
Q

Isotonic

A

Inside cell and solution concentration are equal, no net water movement

113
Q

Integral membrane proteins, also known as ___ proteins, are proteins that span the ___ and have segments facing both interior and exterior surfaces.

A

transmembrane, membrane

114
Q

___ membrane proteins bind to the membrane lipid without passing through.

A

Peripheral

115
Q

True or False:
Peripheral membrane proteins are only found on the exterior of the cell.

A

False, they can be found on the exterior and the interior

116
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

A dynamic structure with proteins floating in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.

117
Q

___ can be use to isolate proteins from membranes.

A

Detergents

118
Q

Detergents are/are not water soluble, unlike other amphipathic molecules

A

are

119
Q

What is the function of membrane proteins?

A

They assist in cell signaling and transport of substances

120
Q

Receptors are ___ proteins.

A

signaling

121
Q

3 types of integral proteins

A
  1. Channels
  2. Carrier
  3. Pump
122
Q

Channel proteins help facilitate ___.

A

Diffusion

123
Q

Ion channels form __ in the membrane allowing for ions to pass through the membrane.

A

Pores

124
Q

Ion channels are involved in ___ and ___ diffusion, going ___ the concentration gradient.

A

passive, facilitated, with

125
Q

____ gradient establishes both concentration gradient AND charge gradient.

A

Electrochemical gradient (key idea is CHARGE)

126
Q

Gated channels regulate ___.

A

Movement

ex: voltage and ligand

127
Q

How do gated channels open and close?

A

In response to a signal
-binding of a certain molecule
-change in voltage

128
Q

Molecules that move down a concentration gradient and require transport proteins to cross a membrane use __ __.

A

facilitated diffusion

129
Q

Carrier proteins move substances via ___ changes.

A

structural
(the whole protein changes shape)

130
Q

Carrier proteins selectively pick up ___ on one side of the membrane and drop it on the other side.

A

solute

131
Q

Passive transports moves __ the gradient, does/doesn’t need the input of energy, and includes channels or __.

A

with, doesn’t, carriers

132
Q

Active Transport three A’s

A

Active
Against (gradient)
ATP

133
Q

The Sodium-Potassium pump is ___ transport and uses __+/ __= ATPase.

A

active, sodium, potassium

134
Q

Pumps are ___ the concentration gradient

A

against

135
Q

Protein functions

A
  • speed up reactions
  • structures
  • defense
136
Q

Eukaryotes v.s Prokaryotes main difference

A

-Prokaryotes do NOT have a membrane-bound nucleus

137
Q

Are the following eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

A

Eukaryote, prokaryote, prokaryote

138
Q

4 parts of a prokaryote

A
  1. At least one chromosome
  2. Protein-synthesizing ribosomes
  3. Phospholipid membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
139
Q

Prokaryotes have chromosomes that are organized into a ___.

A

nucleoid

140
Q

___ are circular, supercoiled DNA molecules.

A

Plasmids

141
Q

Ribosomes manufacture ___ in a process known as translation.

A

proteins

142
Q

Photosynthetic membranes are in ___, and they contain multiple membrane layers.

A

bacteria

143
Q

What is the benefit of having organelles?

A
  • separation of incompatible chemical reactions
  • increases efficiency
144
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by a _____ with pores and has a distinct region named, ___, which is where rRNA is synthesized

A

double membrane/nuclear envelope, nucleolus

145
Q

Nucleus stores __

A

chromosomes

146
Q

Nuclear lamina function

A

structural support

147
Q

Ribosomes are either free in the ___ or attached to the ___

A

cytosol, ER

148
Q

The ER is continuous with the ____ ____

A

nuclear envelope

149
Q

3 main functions of rough ER

A

synthsized proteins that will be
- shipped to another organelle
- inserted into plasma membrane
- secreted to cell exterior

150
Q

Smooth ER lacks ___ and is a reserve for ____ ions

A

ribosomes, Ca2+

151
Q

The ___ ER is what synthesizes lipids/ breaks down poisonous lipids.

A

smooth

152
Q

Golgi apparatus is a series of flat membrane sacs called ___. Has two sides, ___ and ___.

A

cisternae, cis and trans

153
Q

Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and ships ___ synthesized in the rough ER.

A

proteins

154
Q

___ side of Golgi receives rough ER products and the ___ ships them out.

A

Cis, trans

155
Q

Lysosomes contain around ___ different enzymes and have acid ___.

A

40, hydrolase

156
Q

3 functions of lysosomes

A
  1. Recycling (in animal cells)
  2. Hydrolyzing macromolecules
  3. Acid hydrolases=digestive enzymes
157
Q

Cell wall forms a protective ___.

A

exoskeleton

158
Q

Which two structures of bacterial surfaces enable movement and attachment?

A
  • flagella (long to propel)
  • fimbrae (needles to attach)
159
Q

Which structure is common to plant and animal cell?

A

mitochondria

160
Q

Eukaryotes are about __X bigger than prokaryotes.

A

10

161
Q

Ribosomes are not considered organelles because they lack a ___.

A

membrane

162
Q

If the smooth ER breaks down proteins, would liver cells have more or less smooth ER.

A

more

163
Q

What pH do lysosomes work best at?

A

around 5

164
Q

Vacuole structure

A
  • prominent
  • found in plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes
165
Q

Vacuoles can digest but their main function is to store:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Water
  2. Ions
  3. Proteins
  4. Pigments or noxious compounds
166
Q

Peroxisome structure

A
  • globular organelles (all eukaryotes)
167
Q

Peroxisomes are the site of what reactions?

A

Redox

168
Q

___ is to recycle and degrade as ___ is to detox.

A

Lysosome, peroxisome

169
Q

Why would a double membrane be useful in mitochondria?

A

For cellular respiration reactions

170
Q

Chloroplasts have a lot a membranes (like mitochondria) for photosynthesis and they are called ___.

A

thylakoid

171
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were one free-living bacteria. Evidence is:
- they have their own DNA
- they have their own ribosomes
- they can self replicate

172
Q

Thylakoids, DNA and ribosomes are all components found in ___.

A

chloroplasts

173
Q

Cytoskeleton 3 structures

A
  1. Actin filaments/ microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
174
Q

Cytoskeleton 4 functions

A
  • system of protein fibers
  • gives cell shape and stability
  • transports materials within cell
  • organizes organelles
175
Q

3 organisms that have a cell wall

A
  1. plant
  2. algae
  3. fungi
176
Q

Animal cells don’t have a cell wall, they have an ___ ___.

A

extracellular matrix

176
Q

Things that are allow to pass the nuclear pore will have a ___.

A

tag/signal (coded in)

177
Q

What can enter the nucleus?

A

Anything involved in DNA and RNA synthesis.

178
Q

If one adds the nuclear localization signal to a cytosolic protein, what will happen?

A

Rather than going to the cytosol, it can enter the nucleus

179
Q

What is the endomembrane system function?

A

Shuttle proteins to the right destinations in the cell

180
Q

A protein lacking a signal sequence will likely reside in the ___.

A

cytoplasm

181
Q

Parts of the Endomembrane System/Secretory Pathway

A
  1. Protein is made by ribosomes and is sent to
    Rough ER
  2. Enter the ER and protein is folded
  3. A vesicle buds off ER, fusing with the cis- side of Golgi
182
Q

3 processes lysosomes go through for protein recycling

A
  1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Autophagy
183
Q

Endocytosis is when materials ___ the cell and bind to ____, forming endocytic vesicles and developing into a ___.

A

enter, receptors, lysosome

184
Q

Phagocytosis forms ___ , which fuses with lysosomes

A

phagosomes

185
Q

Autophagy (same eating) has to with ___ organelles.

A

damaged

186
Q

Many cell movements are based on ____ - ____ interactions.

A

actin-myosin

187
Q

Actin is important in ____ and cytokinesis.

A

muscles

188
Q

Nuclear lamina is made up of ____ ____.

A

intermediate filaments

189
Q

Intermediate filaments help ___ the nucleus and anchor ____.

A

shape, chromosomes

190
Q

____ serve as tracks for vesicle transport.

A

Microtubules

191
Q

Flagella and cilia are made up of ___.

A

microtubules

192
Q

Which is NOT a function of actin?

a) maintain cell shape
b) move chromosomes
c) move cells and organelles
d) divide animal cells in two

A

b, microtubules move chromosomes

193
Q

NLS stands for:

A

nuclear localization signal

194
Q

Structure =

A

Function

195
Q

___ are highly organized and regulated

A

Cells

Freshman (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions