Chapter 4 Flashcards
The FAA recommends how to scan?
Eye movements not exceed 10 degrees, focusing on each section for at least one second.
To counter eye fatigue what does it help to focus on when transitioning from inside to outside the cockpit?
Exterior parts of the aircraft.
When looking at a featureless sky that is devoid of objects, contrasting colors, or patterns, your eyes tend to focus at only 10 to 30 feet ahead.
Empty Field Myopia
What helps prevent the onset of night myopia?
Searching out and focusing on distant light sources.
This rule encourages you to use your landing lights during departures and approaches, both day and night, especially within 10 miles of airport or in conditions of reduced visibility.
Operation lights on
Usually consist of 180 degree changes in direction, allowing you to see areas blocked by blind spots and make it easier to maintain visual contact with other aircraft in the area.
Clearing turns
Aircraft in distress
Has right-of-way above all other aircraft
If two aircraft are approaching head on.
Both give way to the right.
An overtaking aircraft
Passes slower aircraft to the right and stay well clear.
Aircraft of the same category converging?
The one to other’s right has right-of-way.
The least maneuverable aircraft
Has right-of-way.
Over congested area such as city or metropolitan area, you are required to fly at least how many feet above any obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2000 feet?
1000 ft.
When flying over uncontested area how high must you be above the surface?
500 ft.
Over sparsely populated or open waters how high can you fly?
At least 500 ft from any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
For a tailwheel airplane how should you hold elevator in a headwind?
Aft (elevator up)
For a tailwheel airplane how do you hold elevator in tailwind?
Control forward (elevator down)
How do you hold aileron in quartering headwind?
Turn control toward wind
How do you hold control in quartering tailwind?
Away from where wind is coming from.
In haze, air traffic and terrain features appear to be ___ than they actually are.
Farther
When are aircraft collisions most likely to occur?
Daylight hours, VFR conditions, and within 5 miles of airport.
The main runway is typically positioned with what?
Prevailing wind
Runways other than main runway are positioned how?
Aligned with other common wind directions.
These are established to ensure that air traffic flows into and out of an airport in an orderly manner.
Traffic patterns.
Provides a transition from your downwind approach to landing.
Base leg
Flown parallel to landing runway, but in direction opposite to intended landing direction
Downwind Leg
If you remain in traffic pattern after takeoff, you will turn onto the _____ ____
Crosswind Leg
After takeoff, you will fly a straight course which is aligned with runway called
Departure Leg
You begin this leg at the completion of the base-to-final turn and continue on a descending flight path to the point of touchdown.
Final approach
In most cases do you want to take off and land into or with the wind?
Into the wind.
When approaching an unfamiliar uncontrolled airport it is recommended that you do what?
Fly at 500-1000 ft above the traffic pattern to observe flow and locate the wind direction indicator.
How can you determine landing direction?
Use wind indicator and segmented circle.
FAA in conjunction with airport proprietors and community leaders now use ___ ____ ______ to reduce the level of noise generated by aircraft departing over neighborhoods that are near airports.
Noise abatement procedures
First way to check noise abatement procedures at an airport.
Control tower will assign you a runway
Second way to determine noise abatement procedures at an airport
Check the Airport/Facility Directory for information on local procedures.
Publication which contains a descriptive listing of all airports, heliports, and seaplane bases which are open to the public
Airport/Facility Directory
How many decibels will double loudness to human ear?
10
Approaches which use an electronic glide slope for guidance to the landing runway
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
The beginning portion of the landing zone is marked with solid white line with arrows leading up to it.
Displaced Threshold
Area where propeller or jet blast can dissipate without creating a hazard to others.
Blast pad/stopway area
Why is the blast pad/stopway area paved?
In the event of an aborted takeoff an aircraft can use it to decelerate and come to a stop.
Can a blast pad/runway stop be used for taxiing, takeoff, or landing?
No.
Marked by yellow X’s down the runway.
Closed runway.
What may be issued to inform pilots of a runway closure?
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)
These can include changes in the status of navigational aids or instrument approach facilities, radar service availability, and other information essential to planned enroute, terminal, or landing operations.
NOTAMs
How are taxiways marked?
Continuous yellow centerline stripe.
Located wherever the taxiway intersects a runway, keeps aircraft clear of the runway in use.
Hold Lines
Specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop standard principles and techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.
International civil aviation organization (ICAO)
Six basic types of airport signs
Mandatory Location Direction Destination Information Runway distance remaining
Denote an entrance to a runway, critical area, or an area prohibited to aircraft. Red with white letters or numbers.
Mandatory Instruction Sign
Identify either taxiway or runway where your aircraft is located. Black with yellow inscriptions and a yellow border.
Location signs
Indicate directions of taxiways leading out of an intersection. They have black inscriptions on yellow background.
Direction signs
Indicate general direction to a location on the airport.
Destination Signs
Advise you of such things as areas that cannot be seen from the control tower, applicable radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures. Yellow background with black inscription.
Information Signs
Used to provide distance remaining information to pilots during takeoff and landing operations. Located along sides of runway. White numeral on black background. Signs indicate distance remaining in thousands of feet.
Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.
Runway incursion
Air traffic control tool used to increase airport capacity, maintain system efficiency, and enhance safety.
Land And Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
ALD
Available landing distance
What does an airport’s rotating beacon operated during daylight hours normally indicate?
That weather at the airport is below basic VFR minimums.
How can military airports be identified?
Beacon that has green and two white lights.
The beacon is usually not on during the day unless the ceiling is less than ___ feet and/or ground visibility is less than ___ statute miles, the normal VFR weather minimums.
1000
3
VASI
Visual approach slope indicator
The VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within
10 degrees of extended runway centerline out to 4 nautical miles from the threshold.
White over white
Too high
Red over red
Too low
Red over white
You’re all right.
Tri-color VASI
Yellow: above glide path
Green: on glide path
Red: below glide path
Projects a two-color visual approach path into the final approach area. Pulsating red: too low
Pulsating white: too high
Steady white: just right
Pulsating visual approach slope indicator (PVASI)
Has two or four lights installed in a single row instead of far and near bars.
Precision approach path indicator (PAPI)
PAPI light meanings
4 white:
3 white, 1 red:
2 white, 2 red:
1 white, 3 red:
4 red:
High
Slightly high
On glide path
Slightly low
Low
Help instrument pilots transition to visual references at the completion of an instrument approach.
Approach lighting system
Consist of single row of white lights bordering each side of the runway and lights identifying the runway threshold.
Runway edge lights
Three ways to determine where runway begins at night.
1) set of green lights on each side of white lights to mark displaced threshold
2) row of green lights at beginning of runway if threshold isn’t displaced
3) high intensity white strobe lights are placed on each side of runway to mark threshold
High intensity white strobe lights placed on each side of runway to mark the threshold.
Runway end identifier lights (REILs)
Viewed from threshold what is the color or centerline lighting up to 3000 ft left on runway?
White
Viewed from threshold what is color of centerline lighting from 3000-1000 feet?
Alternating red and white lights
Viewed from threshold what are color of lights on last 1000 ft of centerline lighting?
Red
Consists of two rows of transverse light bars on either side of runway centerline starting at 100 ft from threshold and extending 3000 ft or to midpoint of runway whichever is less.
Touchdown zone lighting (TDZL)
How do you operate pilot-controlled lighting?
Key mike seven times on specified frequency to turn all lights on at maximum intensity. Key mike five times for medium intensity. Key mike three times for low intensity.
Maps which provide topography and include aeronautical and navigational info
Aeronautical charts
Largest circle which can be drawn on the surface of the earth, or any sphere.
Great circle
Formed on the surface of the earth by the intersection of a plane which does not pass through the center of the earth.
Small circle
Most commonly used chart for VFR flight. Each covers 6-8 degrees of longitude and approximately 4 degrees of latitude and is given the name of a primary city within its coverage.
Sectional charts
Scale of sectional chart
1:500,000
You should fly no lower than ___ ft AGL over a special conservation area indicated by the blue dots bounded by a solid blue line.
2000 ft
Similar to sectional chart but uses 1:1,000,000 scale. Approximately 14 nautical miles or 16 statute miles are represented by one inch on the map.
World aeronautical chart.
Tick marks from an airport indicate what?
Fuel is available and that fuel is attended, at least during normal working hours.
A star above an airport means what?
Airport beacon normally operates from sunset to sunrise.
An open circle indicates that an airport does not have a what?
Hard-surfaced runway.
A circle with an x superimposed over it represents what?
A closed or abandoned airport.
Airports that have control towers are shown in what color?
Blue. All others are magenta.
If an airport has at least one hard-surfaced runway 1500 to 8069 feet in length the runway layout has what?
The runway layout is shown inside a circle.
If an airport has at least one runway that’s longer than 8069 feet the runway is shown how?
Not enclosed in a circle.
Private airports are shown how?
With a R enclosed in open circle.
