Chapter 4 Flashcards
Theory X
Assumption that employees dislike work, will attempt to avoid it, and must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goals.
Theory Y
Assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and will excercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives.
Intrinsic motivators
a person’s internal desire to do something, due to things such as interest, challenge, and personal satisfaction.
Extrinsic motivators
Motivation that comes from outside the person and includes things such as pay, bonuses, and other rewards.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
A hierarch of five needs- physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization - in which as each need is satisfied, the next need becomes more dominant.
Motivation-Hygiene Theory
A theory that relates to intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction.
Hygiene factors
Factors-such as company policy and administration, supervision, and salary- that, when adequate in a job, people will not be dissatisfied.
McClelland’s theory of needs
Achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.
Expectancy theory
individuals act based on their evaluation of whether their effort will lead to good performance, whether goof performance will be followed by a given outcome, and whether that out come is attractive.
Expectancy
belief that effort is related to performance
Instrumentality
performance is related to rewards
Valence
the value or importance an individual places on a reward
Goal-setting theory
Theory that says specific and difficult goals, with feedback, leads to higher performance.
Management by objectives (MBO)
An approach to goal setting in which specific measurable goals are jointly set by managers and employees.
Self-Efficacy Theory
Individuals beliefs in their ability to perform a task influences their behaviour.
Reinforcement theory
behaviour is a function of its consequences
Behaviourism
a theory that argues that behaviour follows a stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner
Continuous reinforcement
Desired behaviour is reinforced each and every time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent reinforcement
desired behaviour is reinforced often enough to make the behaviour worth repeating, but not every time it is demonstrated.
Equity theory
individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities .
Self-determination theory
theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation
cognitive evaluation theory
offering extrinsic rewards for work effort that was previously rewarding intrinsically will tend to decrease the overall level of a person’s motivation.
