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Psychology 208 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

an individuals assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
ex: you are likely to feel differently about an upcoming French test if you passed the last one with flying colors than you would if you did poorly

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2
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

a person’s answer to the question, “Can I Handle It?”– an assessment of whether the coping abilities and resources on hand are adequate
ex: if resources are lacking and the threat is great, the person will feel stress

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3
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors
-examined the outcomes of stress

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4
Q

Psychosomatic Disorders

A

Medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties
-ulcers, asthma, arthritis, and high blood pressure may sometimes be produced by stress

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5
Q

Defensive Coping

A

unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation
ex: telling yourself that failing a major test is unimportant

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6
Q

Hardiness

A

a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness
-individuals who are take-charge people who revel in life’s challenges

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7
Q

Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

A

a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting

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8
Q

Obesity

A

weight greater than 20 percent above average for a given age and height

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9
Q

Malnutrition

A

condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients

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10
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary

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11
Q

Bulimia

A

an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food though vomiting or the use of laxatives

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12
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

-a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep

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13
Q

Addictive Drugs

A

drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them

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14
Q

Alcoholics

A

persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking

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15
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

A

a disease that is spread through sexual contact

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16
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by lack of calcium in the diet

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17
Q

Type A behavior Pattern

A

behavior characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility

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18
Q

Type B behavior Pattern

A

behavior characterized by noncompetiveness, patience, and lack of aggression

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19
Q

Dementia

A

the most common mental disorder of the elderly, covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning
-broad category

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20
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion

21
Q

Female Climacteric

A

the period that marks the transition from being able to
bear children to being unable to do so
-most noticeable sign of this is menopause

22
Q

Menopause

A

the cessation of menstruation

23
Q

Male Climacteric

A

the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age

24
Q

Events Likely to Produce Stress

A
  1. Evoke negative emotions:
    - illness of a loved one
  2. Uncontrollable or Unpredictable:
    - pop quizzes
  3. Ambiguous or Confusing
    - new jobs, no clear direction
  4. Create strain or persons capabilities:
    - more than one stressor at a time
25
Q

Stress Across The Lifespan

A
  1. Making the grade in kindergarten or before:
    - earlier competitive pressure
  2. All work and no play during childhood:
    - increase in time spent in school
  3. Sleep deprivation during adolescence:
    - failure to meet children’s development
  4. Adulthood stress:
    - age related fears: decline
26
Q

Consequences of Stress

A
  1. Direct physiological outcomes:
    - immune system issues
  2. Engagement in unhealthy behaviors:
    - drinking, drug use, smoking
  3. Indirect effects on health-related behaviors:
    - people under stress less likely to seek out good medical advice, exercise, or follow medical advice
27
Q

Stress-coping Approaches

A
  1. Problem-focused coping:
    - managing a situation to make it less stressful
  2. Emotion-focused coping:
    - conscious regulation of emotion
  3. Social support coping:
    - utilizing one’s friends/family to assist
  4. Defensive coping:
    - unconscious processes (distortion/denial)
  5. Emotional Insulation:
    - blocking thoughts/ emotions
28
Q

Resilience

A

the ability to withstand, overcome, or thrive under pressure

29
Q

Causes of Malnutrition

A
  • Poverty! most common in developing countries but
  • 12 million children in the USA
  • 25% of children 1-5 in the USA
30
Q

Undernutrition

A

some deficiency in diet

31
Q

Marasmus

A

severe deficiency in proteins and calories; wasting

32
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

stomach, limbs, face swells with water

33
Q

Obesity Across Lifespan

A
  1. Childhood:
    - 15% obese
  2. Adolescence:
    - 20% overweight: 5% obese
  3. Adulthood:
    - 20-30% obese
34
Q

Food preferences are determined early in life?

A
  • preferences at age 8 related to preferences at age 4
  • 25% infants and toddlers no fruits or vegetables
  • many foods high in sugar ad fat and low in nutrients (convenience foods)
  • social factors
35
Q

Why are preschool children accident-prone?

A
  • high levels of physical activity
  • cognition characterized by lack of judgment
  • higher risk-taking behavior in some children
  • environmental hazards (especially related to SES)
36
Q

Threats to Adolescents

A 
Substance use ad abuse:
-illegal drugs
-addictive drugs
-gateway drugs
Why?
-pleasure, pressure, thrill, role models
37
Q

Threats to Well-being and Health: Children

A
  • majority of US children are reasonably healthy
  • increasing number being treated wit drugs for emotional disorders
  • greatest risk comes from accidents
38
Q

Alcohol Use and Abuse: College drinking

A
  • 75% students- 1 drink in last month
  • 40% students- 5+ drinks in last two weeks
  • 16% students- 16+ drinks weekly
39
Q

More than 5 million children living today will die prematurely because of a decision they will make as adolescents which is?

A

the decision to use tobacco and smoke cigarettes

40
Q

Kinds of STI’s

A

-HIV/AIDS
-HPV
-Trichomoniasis
-Chlamydia
-Genital Herpes
-Gonorrhea
-Syphillis
How can they be avoided?
-awareness of risk accumulation (how many people your partners been with and how many people they’ve been with) (you still have a high chance of catching a STI for this reason)

41
Q

Midlife Transitions

A

middle adulthood likely to experience fewer infections, allergies, respiratory diseases, and digestive problems

42
Q

Chronic disease likely to appear after 40

A
  • arthritis
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
43
Q

Individual differences in Mid-Life

A
  1. SES:
    - lower SES are more apt to work in dangerous workplaces
  2. Gender:
    - men more likely to die, women more likely to get sick
  3. Race and Violence:
    - murder rates, white vs. black
44
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

more men die from heart and circulatory disease, some risk related to type A/B behavior

45
Q

Cancer

A

40% of diagnosed live 5 years, genetic and environmental factors increase risk

46
Q

First Foods Decision

A
  • breast or bottle
  • weaning: 3-4 months— 3-4 years, breast milk for first 12 months seen is recommended
  • solid foods at around 6 months, one at a time
47
Q

Effects Of Diet

A
  • Size
  • Social and emotional functioning at school age
  • Cognitive performance
48
Q

Extend an active life span

A
  • proper diet
  • exercise
  • avoidance of obvious threats to health

Psychology 208 (4 decks)

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