Chapter 4 Flashcards
Primary Appraisal
an individuals assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
ex: you are likely to feel differently about an upcoming French test if you passed the last one with flying colors than you would if you did poorly
Secondary Appraisal
a person’s answer to the question, “Can I Handle It?”– an assessment of whether the coping abilities and resources on hand are adequate
ex: if resources are lacking and the threat is great, the person will feel stress
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors
-examined the outcomes of stress
Psychosomatic Disorders
Medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties
-ulcers, asthma, arthritis, and high blood pressure may sometimes be produced by stress
Defensive Coping
unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation
ex: telling yourself that failing a major test is unimportant
Hardiness
a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness
-individuals who are take-charge people who revel in life’s challenges
Nonorganic Failure to Thrive
a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
Obesity
weight greater than 20 percent above average for a given age and height
Malnutrition
condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients
Anorexia Nervosa
a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary
Bulimia
an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food though vomiting or the use of laxatives
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
-a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep
Addictive Drugs
drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them
Alcoholics
persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
a disease that is spread through sexual contact
Osteoporosis
a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by lack of calcium in the diet
Type A behavior Pattern
behavior characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility
Type B behavior Pattern
behavior characterized by noncompetiveness, patience, and lack of aggression
Dementia
the most common mental disorder of the elderly, covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning
-broad category
Alzheimer’s Disease
a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion
Female Climacteric
the period that marks the transition from being able to
bear children to being unable to do so
-most noticeable sign of this is menopause
Menopause
the cessation of menstruation
Male Climacteric
the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age
Events Likely to Produce Stress
- Evoke negative emotions:
- illness of a loved one - Uncontrollable or Unpredictable:
- pop quizzes - Ambiguous or Confusing
- new jobs, no clear direction - Create strain or persons capabilities:
- more than one stressor at a time
Stress Across The Lifespan
- Making the grade in kindergarten or before:
- earlier competitive pressure - All work and no play during childhood:
- increase in time spent in school - Sleep deprivation during adolescence:
- failure to meet children’s development - Adulthood stress:
- age related fears: decline
Consequences of Stress
- Direct physiological outcomes:
- immune system issues - Engagement in unhealthy behaviors:
- drinking, drug use, smoking - Indirect effects on health-related behaviors:
- people under stress less likely to seek out good medical advice, exercise, or follow medical advice
Stress-coping Approaches
- Problem-focused coping:
- managing a situation to make it less stressful - Emotion-focused coping:
- conscious regulation of emotion - Social support coping:
- utilizing one’s friends/family to assist - Defensive coping:
- unconscious processes (distortion/denial) - Emotional Insulation:
- blocking thoughts/ emotions
Resilience
the ability to withstand, overcome, or thrive under pressure
Causes of Malnutrition
- Poverty! most common in developing countries but
- 12 million children in the USA
- 25% of children 1-5 in the USA
Undernutrition
some deficiency in diet
Marasmus
severe deficiency in proteins and calories; wasting
Kwashiorkor
stomach, limbs, face swells with water
Obesity Across Lifespan
- Childhood:
- 15% obese - Adolescence:
- 20% overweight: 5% obese - Adulthood:
- 20-30% obese
Food preferences are determined early in life?
- preferences at age 8 related to preferences at age 4
- 25% infants and toddlers no fruits or vegetables
- many foods high in sugar ad fat and low in nutrients (convenience foods)
- social factors
Why are preschool children accident-prone?
- high levels of physical activity
- cognition characterized by lack of judgment
- higher risk-taking behavior in some children
- environmental hazards (especially related to SES)
Threats to Adolescents
Substance use ad abuse: -illegal drugs -addictive drugs -gateway drugs Why? -pleasure, pressure, thrill, role models
Threats to Well-being and Health: Children
- majority of US children are reasonably healthy
- increasing number being treated wit drugs for emotional disorders
- greatest risk comes from accidents
Alcohol Use and Abuse: College drinking
- 75% students- 1 drink in last month
- 40% students- 5+ drinks in last two weeks
- 16% students- 16+ drinks weekly
More than 5 million children living today will die prematurely because of a decision they will make as adolescents which is?
the decision to use tobacco and smoke cigarettes
Kinds of STI’s
-HIV/AIDS
-HPV
-Trichomoniasis
-Chlamydia
-Genital Herpes
-Gonorrhea
-Syphillis
How can they be avoided?
-awareness of risk accumulation (how many people your partners been with and how many people they’ve been with) (you still have a high chance of catching a STI for this reason)
Midlife Transitions
middle adulthood likely to experience fewer infections, allergies, respiratory diseases, and digestive problems
Chronic disease likely to appear after 40
- arthritis
- hypertension
- diabetes
Individual differences in Mid-Life
- SES:
- lower SES are more apt to work in dangerous workplaces - Gender:
- men more likely to die, women more likely to get sick - Race and Violence:
- murder rates, white vs. black
Coronary Heart Disease
more men die from heart and circulatory disease, some risk related to type A/B behavior
Cancer
40% of diagnosed live 5 years, genetic and environmental factors increase risk
First Foods Decision
- breast or bottle
- weaning: 3-4 months— 3-4 years, breast milk for first 12 months seen is recommended
- solid foods at around 6 months, one at a time
Effects Of Diet
- Size
- Social and emotional functioning at school age
- Cognitive performance
Extend an active life span
- proper diet
- exercise
- avoidance of obvious threats to health
