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Psychology 208 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rhythms

A

repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior

  • some immediately obvious
  • some more subtle
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2
Q

State

A

one of the body rhythms is an infants state, the degree of awareness to both internal and external stimulation

  • major body rhythm
  • degree of awareness to external and internal stimulation
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3
Q

Affordances

A

The option that a given situation or stimulus provides

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4
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAs)

A

a measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavioral responses to their environment

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5
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the upper layer of the brain

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6
Q

Handedness

A

the preference of using one hand over the other

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7
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

A

the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming

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8
Q

Puberty

A

the period of maturation during which the sexual organs mature

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9
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction

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10
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs

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11
Q

Menarche

A

the onset of menstruation

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12
Q

Senescence

A

the natural physical decline brought about by increasing age

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13
Q

Primary Aging

A

aging that involves universal and irreversible changes that, due to genetic programming occur as people get older

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14
Q

Secondary Aging

A

Changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but that are not due to increased age itself and are not inevitable

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15
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet

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16
Q

Gerontologist

A

Specialists who study aging

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17
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of simulation

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18
Q

Myelin

A

protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons, increasing the speed of transmission of electrical impulses along the brain cells

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19
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the upper layer of the brain

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20
Q

Plasticity

A

the degree to which developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experiences

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21
Q

Sensitive Period

A

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

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22
Q

Lateralization

A

the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere on the brain than in the other

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23
Q

Reflexes

A

unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

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24
Q

Norms

A

the average performance of a larger sample of children of a given age

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25
Q

Sensation

A

the physical stimulation of the sense organs

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26
Q

Perception

A

The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain

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27
Q

Multimodal Approach to Perception

A

the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated

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28
Q

Visual Impairment

A

a special need that involves significant loss of sight

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29
Q

Auditory Impairment

A

a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing

30
Q

Speech Impairment

A

Speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker

31
Q

Stuttering

A

substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment

32
Q

Presbyopia

A

a nearly universal change in eyesight during middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision

33
Q

Glaucoma

A

a condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increases; either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced

34
Q

Presbycusis

A

loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency

35
Q

Peripheral Slowing Hypothesis

A

the theory that suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age

36
Q

Generalized Slowing Hypothesis

A

the theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient

37
Q

Cephalocaudal Principle

A

growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body arts and then proceeds to the rest of the body

38
Q

Proximodistal Principle

A

states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

39
Q

Principle of Hierarchical Integration

A

states that simple skills typically develop separately and independently
-later these simple skills are integrated into more complex ones

40
Q

Principle of Independence of Systems

A

which suggests that different body systems grow at different rates

41
Q

Autostimulation

A

active sleep in infants

  • similar to REM sleep in adults
  • researchers think it provides a means for brain to stimulate itself
42
Q

Growing Body

A
  • by age 2, 25 to 30 pounds and close to 36 inches tall

- by 6 years old, about 46 pounds and 46 inches tall

43
Q

Gender Differences

A

-at age 2 differences are relatively small, during the preschool years boys start becoming taller and heavier, on average, than girls

44
Q

National and Global Economic Differences

A

-profound differences on height and weight between children in economically developed countries and these in developing countries

45
Q

Preschooler fat burns off

A
  • less round + chubby more slender
  • arms and legs lengthen
  • head size more adult-like
46
Q

Internal Physical Changes Occur

A
  • muscle size increases, and children grow stronger
  • bones become sturdier
  • the sense organs continue to develop
47
Q

Middle childhood body change

A

see how we grow

  • height changes
  • weight changes
  • only time in life span when on average girls are taller than boys
  • variation in height up to 6 inches
48
Q

Consequences of Inadequate Nutrition

A

Undernutrition- is implicated in more than half of all child deaths worldwide
Undernourished children:
-lowered resistance to infection
-more likely to die from common childhood ailments and respiratory infections
-frequent illness that impacts growth

49
Q

Puberty In Girls

A
  • begins earlier for girls than boys
  • start around age 11 or 12
  • wide variations in menarche among individuals
  • influenced by environment
50
Q

Puberty In Boys

A
  • Penis and Scrotum begin to grow at accelerated rate around age 12 and reach adult size about 3 or 4 years later
  • enlargement of prostate gland and seminal vesicles
  • sperm arch(ejaculation) around age 13
51
Q

Ups and Downs of Midlife

A
  • emotional reactions to physical changes depend in part on their self-concepts
  • self-image is tied closely to one’s physical attribute
  • but..middle aged adults generally report no less satisfaction with their body images than younger adults
52
Q

Changes in Internal Function

A
  • brain becomes smaller + lighter with age
  • reduction of blood flow to the brain
  • space between the skull and the brain doubles from age 20 to 70
  • number of neurons, or brain cells, declines
53
Q

Nervous System

A

brain and nerves that extend throughout the body

54
Q

Neurons

A

are basic cells of nervous system

-have a cell body containing a nucleus, but unlike other cells, neurons can communicate with other cells

55
Q

Dendrite

A

receive the messages

56
Q

Axon

A

at the opposite end, the part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons

57
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that travel across the small gaps between neurons

58
Q

Synapses

A

the name for the small gaps hat chemical messengers travel across

59
Q

Gender- related lateralization differences

A

Boys:
-greater lateralization of language in left hemisphere
-higher autism incidence
Girls:
-language is more evenly divided between two hemispheres
-verbal abilities emerge earlier in girls because girls receive greater encouragement for verbal skills than boys

60
Q

Adolescence prefrontal cortex is biologically immature

A

ability to inhibit impulses is not fully developed
-rather than simply reacting to emotions such as anger or rage, an individual with a fully developed prefrontal cortex is able to inhibit the desire for action that stems from such emotions
more developed= not likely to get angry so easily

61
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

neonates tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek

62
Q

Steeping Reflex

A

movement of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor

63
Q

Swimming Reflex

A

infants tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water

64
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

infants fingers close around an object placed in its hands

65
Q

Moro Reflex

A

activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed. The arms of the infant thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something

66
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot

67
Q

Startle Reflex

A

an infant, in response to a sudden noise, flings out its arms, arches its back, and spreads its fingers

68
Q

Eye-blink Reflex

A

rapid shutting and opening of eye on exposure to direct light

69
Q

Gag Reflex

A

an infants reflex to clear its throat

70
Q

Sucking Reflex

A

infants tendency to suck at things that touch its lips

71
Q

Cataracts

A

cloudy or opaque areas of the lens of eye that interfere with passing light, frequently develops
-cataracts can be surgically removed

Psychology 208 (4 decks)

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