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Psychology 208 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cesarean Delivery

A
  • baby is surgically removed from uterus
  • occur most frequently when fetal stress appears
  • more prevalent in older mothers
  • related to position in birth canal: breech, transverse
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2
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Rod-shaped DNA portions in 23 pairs
  • Contain genetic blueprint for individuals
  • Replicate through mitosis
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3
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

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4
Q

Dominant Trait

A

the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
-those that are expressed

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5
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism

  • risk is much greater in mothers who are unusually young or old
  • in about 1 out of 700 births
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6
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2 weeks - 8 weeks
-organism firmly secures to uterus and called an embryo
-development of major organs and basic anatomy
Three Layers:
Ectoderm: form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain, spinal cord
Endoderm: inner layer forms digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system
Mesoderm: sandwiched between other two and forms muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system

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7
Q

Fetal Stage

A

8 weeks- birth

  • formally starts when differentiation of major organs has occurred
  • organism now called fetus
  • characterized by rapid development
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8
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation
-most common form of inherited mental retardation in males and a significant cause in females

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9
Q

Genes

A

the basic unit of genetic information

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10
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

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11
Q

Genotype

A

underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

  • homozygous
  • heterozygous
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12
Q

Germinal Stage

A

Fertilization- 2 weeks

  • shortest stage
  • fertilized egg now called blastocyst
  • travels to and implants in uterus
  • characterized by methodical cell division
  • with division comes cell specialization
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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
-allele contains different forms of genes from parents

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14
Q

Homozygous

A

inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait

-allele contains similar genes from each parent

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15
Q

Infertility

A

15% of couples; inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months
-maternal infertility influenced by age; hormone imbalance, damaged fallopian tubes or uterus, stress, abuse of alcohol or drugs
-Paternal infertility influenced by illicit drugs, tobacco, STDs
Solutions?
-artificial insemination
-in vitro fertilization
-surrogate mother

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16
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
-chromosome disorder in males. People with this condition are born with at least one extra X chromosome

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17
Q

Low-birthweight infants

A

weigh less than 2500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds at birth

  • Although only 7 percent of all newborns in the US fall into the low-birth weight category, they account for the majority of newborn deaths
  • most vulnerable; immaturity of their organ systems
  • eyes may be fused shut and earlobes underdeveloped, skin is a darkened red color regardless of race
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18
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

twins who are genetically identical

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19
Q

Multifactorial Transmission

A

many traits determined by combination of both genetic and environmental factors; genotype provides particular range within which a phenotype may achieve expression; in many cases the environment determines the way in which a particular genotype will be expressed as a phenotype
ex: people with a genotype that permits them to gain weight easily may never be slim, no matter how much they diet

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20
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable trait; the trait that actually is seen

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21
Q

Postmature infants

A

2 weeks or more overdue

  • blood supply from placenta may become insufficient
  • blood supply to brain may be decreased, leading to the potential of brain damage
  • labor becomes riskier for larger fetus to pass through birth canal
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22
Q

Preterm infants

A

or premature infants , are born prior to 38 weeks after conception

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23
Q

Recessive Trait

A

a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed
-those that are NOT expressed

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24
Q

Sickle-cell Anemia

A

inherited disease in which the red blood cells, normally disc-shaped, become crescent shaped

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25
Q

Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants

A

because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age

26
Q

Stillbirth

A

the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurs in les than 1 delivery out of 100

27
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

A disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
-disease is a familial disorder (affects more than 1 member of a family) that results in early death

28
Q

Teratogen

A

an environmental agent, such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect

29
Q

Zygote

A

the new cell formed by the process of fertilization

30
Q

Lamaze birthing techniques

A

makes use of breathing techniques and relaxation training; the goal is to learn how to deal positively with pain and to relax a the onset of a contraction

31
Q

Bradley Method

A

“husband-coached childbirth”, is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible and involve no medication or medical interventions

32
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function

33
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

34
Q

X-linked Genes

A

genes that are considered recessive and located only on the x chromosome

35
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

the study of the effects of heredity on behavior

36
Q

Ultrasound Sonography

A

A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed

37
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hair-like material that surrounds the embryo

38
Q

Amniocentesis

A

The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus

39
Q

Temperament

A

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual

40
Q

Big Five

A

OCEAN

  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extroversion- degree to which a person seeks to be with others, sociable
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism- emotional stability
41
Q

Fertilization

A

the process by which a sperm and an ovum- the male and female gametes, respectively– join to form a single new cell (zygote)

42
Q

Placenta

A

a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord

43
Q

Fetus

A

a developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth

44
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

A process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician

45
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

A procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory

46
Q

Miscarriage

A

known as a spontaneous abortion, occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb

47
Q

Abortion

A

a mother voluntarily chooses to terminate pregnancy

48
Q

Mothers Prenatal Influences

A
  • Mothers diet
  • Mothers age
  • Mothers prenatal support
  • Mothers health
  • Mothers drug use
49
Q

Fathers Prenatal Influence

A
  • relatively little research
  • tobacco use
  • drug use
  • alcohol use
  • treatment of mother (abusive or emotionally abusive)
50
Q

Labor

A

a process that leads to birth

-a protein called corticotropin-releasing hormone triggers

51
Q

Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

“false labor”

-they can fool eager and anxious expectant parents, they do not signify that the baby will be born soon

52
Q

Episiotomy

A

An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

53
Q

Hypnobirthing

A

produce a state of focused concentration in which a mother relaxes her body while focusing inward

54
Q

Obstetrician

A

physicians who specialize in delivering babies

55
Q

Midwife

A

a childbirth attendant who stays with the mother throughout labor and delivery

56
Q

Doula

A

trained to provide emotional, psychological, and educational support during birth

57
Q

Epidural Anesthesia

A

produces numbness from the waist down

58
Q

Walking Epidural/ Dual Spinal- Epidural

A

uses smaller needles and a system for administering continuous doses of anesthetic
-it permits women to move about more freely during labor and has fewer side effects than traditional epidural anesthesia

59
Q

Very-Low-Birthweight Infants

A

infants who weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks

60
Q

Fetal Monitor

A

a device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor

61
Q

Infant Mortality

A

death within the first year of life

Psychology 208 (4 decks)

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