Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cesarean Delivery
- baby is surgically removed from uterus
- occur most frequently when fetal stress appears
- more prevalent in older mothers
- related to position in birth canal: breech, transverse
Chromosomes
- Rod-shaped DNA portions in 23 pairs
- Contain genetic blueprint for individuals
- Replicate through mitosis
Dizygotic Twins
twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
Dominant Trait
the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
-those that are expressed
Down Syndrome
a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism
- risk is much greater in mothers who are unusually young or old
- in about 1 out of 700 births
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks - 8 weeks
-organism firmly secures to uterus and called an embryo
-development of major organs and basic anatomy
Three Layers:
Ectoderm: form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain, spinal cord
Endoderm: inner layer forms digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system
Mesoderm: sandwiched between other two and forms muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system
Fetal Stage
8 weeks- birth
- formally starts when differentiation of major organs has occurred
- organism now called fetus
- characterized by rapid development
Fragile X Syndrome
A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation
-most common form of inherited mental retardation in males and a significant cause in females
Genes
the basic unit of genetic information
Genetic Counseling
the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
Genotype
underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
- homozygous
- heterozygous
Germinal Stage
Fertilization- 2 weeks
- shortest stage
- fertilized egg now called blastocyst
- travels to and implants in uterus
- characterized by methodical cell division
- with division comes cell specialization
Heterozygous
inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
-allele contains different forms of genes from parents
Homozygous
inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait
-allele contains similar genes from each parent
Infertility
15% of couples; inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months
-maternal infertility influenced by age; hormone imbalance, damaged fallopian tubes or uterus, stress, abuse of alcohol or drugs
-Paternal infertility influenced by illicit drugs, tobacco, STDs
Solutions?
-artificial insemination
-in vitro fertilization
-surrogate mother
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
-chromosome disorder in males. People with this condition are born with at least one extra X chromosome
Low-birthweight infants
weigh less than 2500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds at birth
- Although only 7 percent of all newborns in the US fall into the low-birth weight category, they account for the majority of newborn deaths
- most vulnerable; immaturity of their organ systems
- eyes may be fused shut and earlobes underdeveloped, skin is a darkened red color regardless of race
Monozygotic Twins
twins who are genetically identical
Multifactorial Transmission
many traits determined by combination of both genetic and environmental factors; genotype provides particular range within which a phenotype may achieve expression; in many cases the environment determines the way in which a particular genotype will be expressed as a phenotype
ex: people with a genotype that permits them to gain weight easily may never be slim, no matter how much they diet
Phenotype
the observable trait; the trait that actually is seen
Postmature infants
2 weeks or more overdue
- blood supply from placenta may become insufficient
- blood supply to brain may be decreased, leading to the potential of brain damage
- labor becomes riskier for larger fetus to pass through birth canal
Preterm infants
or premature infants , are born prior to 38 weeks after conception
Recessive Trait
a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed
-those that are NOT expressed
Sickle-cell Anemia
inherited disease in which the red blood cells, normally disc-shaped, become crescent shaped
Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants
because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
Stillbirth
the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurs in les than 1 delivery out of 100
Tay-Sachs Disease
A disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
-disease is a familial disorder (affects more than 1 member of a family) that results in early death
Teratogen
an environmental agent, such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect
Zygote
the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
Lamaze birthing techniques
makes use of breathing techniques and relaxation training; the goal is to learn how to deal positively with pain and to relax a the onset of a contraction
Bradley Method
“husband-coached childbirth”, is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible and involve no medication or medical interventions
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
Polygenic Inheritance
inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
X-linked Genes
genes that are considered recessive and located only on the x chromosome
Behavioral Genetics
the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
Ultrasound Sonography
A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hair-like material that surrounds the embryo
Amniocentesis
The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
Temperament
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
Big Five
OCEAN
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extroversion- degree to which a person seeks to be with others, sociable
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism- emotional stability
Fertilization
the process by which a sperm and an ovum- the male and female gametes, respectively– join to form a single new cell (zygote)
Placenta
a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
Fetus
a developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth
Artificial Insemination
A process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
A procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
Miscarriage
known as a spontaneous abortion, occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb
Abortion
a mother voluntarily chooses to terminate pregnancy
Mothers Prenatal Influences
- Mothers diet
- Mothers age
- Mothers prenatal support
- Mothers health
- Mothers drug use
Fathers Prenatal Influence
- relatively little research
- tobacco use
- drug use
- alcohol use
- treatment of mother (abusive or emotionally abusive)
Labor
a process that leads to birth
-a protein called corticotropin-releasing hormone triggers
Braxton-Hicks contractions
“false labor”
-they can fool eager and anxious expectant parents, they do not signify that the baby will be born soon
Episiotomy
An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
Hypnobirthing
produce a state of focused concentration in which a mother relaxes her body while focusing inward
Obstetrician
physicians who specialize in delivering babies
Midwife
a childbirth attendant who stays with the mother throughout labor and delivery
Doula
trained to provide emotional, psychological, and educational support during birth
Epidural Anesthesia
produces numbness from the waist down
Walking Epidural/ Dual Spinal- Epidural
uses smaller needles and a system for administering continuous doses of anesthetic
-it permits women to move about more freely during labor and has fewer side effects than traditional epidural anesthesia
Very-Low-Birthweight Infants
infants who weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks
Fetal Monitor
a device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor
Infant Mortality
death within the first year of life
