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Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Cells working together

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Epithelial

A

Layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces

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4
Q

Glands

A

Structures that produce fluid secretions, either attached to or derived from epithelia

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5
Q

Polarity

A

Refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces

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6
Q

Basement membrane

A

The base of epithelium is bound to it

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7
Q

Avascular

A

Lack blood vessels

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8
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Most or all the epithelium cells produce secretions

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9
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Epithelium covered in fine hair like features (cilia)

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10
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Large areas of opposing plasma membranes are interconnected by transmembrane proteins

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11
Q

Cell junction

A

Specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extra cellular materials

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12
Q

Tight junction

A

Lipid portions of the membranes are tightly bound, prevents passage of water and solutes

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13
Q

Lumen

A

A passageway that is lines with the apical surface of epithelium

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14
Q

Gap junction

A

Two cells are held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons)

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15
Q

Desmosome

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing membranes, very strong and can resist stretching and twisting

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16
Q

Germinative cells

A

Stem sells located near he basement membrane

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17
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Only one layer of cells covers the basement membrane

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18
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Several layers of cells cover the basement membrane

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19
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Thin, flat and somewhat irregular in shape

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20
Q

Mesothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the central body cavities

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21
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels

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22
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Resemble hexagonal boxes

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23
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Unusual stratified epithelium, tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling without damage

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24
Q

Columnar epithelial

A

Appear rectangular, height of epithelium is several times the distance between adjacent nuclei

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25
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release their secretions (hormones) into the interstitial fluid

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26
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release their secretions into passageways

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27
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

The product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis

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28
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as product

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29
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts

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30
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Individual secretory cells

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31
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Include glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions

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32
Q

Connective tissue

A

All contain specialized cells, fibers, and ground substance

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33
Q

Matrix

A

Surrounds the cell and is made up of fibers and ground substances, makes up most of the volume in connective tissues

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34
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Includes connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in ground substance (connects and protects)

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35
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Distinct populations of cells suspended in watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins (transport)

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36
Q

Supporting connective tissues

A

Less diverse cell population and a matrix containing more densely packed fibers (structural strength)

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37
Q

Calcified

A

Contains mineral deposits

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38
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Found in all connective tissue, secretes proteins and hyaluronan

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39
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Maintains the fibers of connective tissue proper

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40
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

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41
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells

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42
Q

Macrophages

A

Part of immune system, eat pathogens and damaged cells

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43
Q

Mast cells

A

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection; release histamine and heparin

44
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Specialized immune cells in lymphatic

45
Q

Microphages

A

Phagocytic blood cells

46
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize melanin

47
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Long, straight and unbranched fibrous protein; forms tendons and ligaments

48
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thinner than collagen, form a framework (stroma)

49
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain the protein elastin; branched and wavy

50
Q

Ground substance

A

Clear, colorless, and viscous; slows pathogen movement

51
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

Loose connector tissue found in many parts of the embryo

52
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

Packing materials of the body

53
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Least specialized tissue, loosely organized

54
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Contains many adipocytes

55
Q

White fat

A

Pale, yellow-white color

56
Q

Brown fat

A

Highly vascularized fat cells found in infants

57
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Reticular fibers create a complex 3-dimensional stroma

58
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

Often called collagenous tissues; two types: dense regular an dense irregular

59
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are parallel, packed tightly, and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue

60
Q

Tendons

A

Cords of dense regular connector tissue that attach skeletal muscle to bone

61
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones or stabilize the position of internal organs

62
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones of the skeleton

63
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Form an interwoven mesh work in no consistent pattern

64
Q

Capsule

A

Dense irregular connective tissue forms a thick layer that surrounds internal organs such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen and encloses the cavities of joints

65
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers

66
Q

Blood

A

Part of fluid connective tissues; contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in plasma

67
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

68
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels

69
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to the heart

70
Q

Lymph

A

Forms as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels.

71
Q

Cartilage

A

The matrix is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives, avascular

72
Q

Chondroitin sulfates

A

Protein derivatives that form complexes with proteins in the ground substance

73
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells

74
Q

Lacunae

A

Small chambers occupied by chondrocytes and osteocytes

75
Q

Antiangiogenesis factor

A

Chemical that discourages the formation of blood vessels

76
Q

Perichondrium

A

Contains two layers: outer fibrous layer (strength), inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)

77
Q

Interstitial growth

A

One of the two forms of cartilage growth; chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix undergo cell division, enlarges cartilage from within

78
Q

Appositional growth

A

New layers of cartilage are added to the surface

79
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common, surrounded by a dense perichondrium

80
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Lots of elastic fibers, extremely resilient and flexible

81
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Little ground substance, lots of collagen fibers

82
Q

Bone

A

Osseous tissue, small amount of ground substance, matrix mostly calcium salts and collagen fibers

83
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells

84
Q

Canaliculi

A

Slender passageways in bone matrix

85
Q

Periosteum

A

Bone covering

86
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior

87
Q

Lamina propria

A

The areolar tissue component of mucous membrane

88
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity; have a parietal and visceral (serosa) portions

89
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

The skin; thick, waterproof and dry

90
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fills joint cavities, similar in composition to ground substance

91
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the joint cavity, lacks true epithelium

92
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs

93
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Specialized for contraction

94
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Large muscle cells

95
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Located only in the heart

96
Q

Cardiocyte

A

Cardiac muscle cell

97
Q

Myosatellite cells

A

Stem cells that produce skeletal muscle tissue

98
Q

Intercalated disc

A

Specialized connection regions of cardiac muscle tissue

99
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Located in the walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, and in layers around the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and reproductive tracts

100
Q

Neural tissue

A

Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

101
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

102
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of neural tissue

103
Q

Cell body of a neuron

A

Contains the nucleus and nucleolus

104
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches extending from the cell body

105
Q

Axon

A

Long, thin extension of cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

106
Q

Necrosis

A

The tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been damaged or killed

Anatomy (6 decks)

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