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Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Work

A

The movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter

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2
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to perform work

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

One of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of water (H and OH) are added to the fragments

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

The decomposition reaction of complex molecules within the body’s cells and tissues

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5
Q

Synthesis

A

Opposite of decomposition

A+B—>AB

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6
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

The formation of a complex molecule by the removal of a water molecule
A-H+HO-B—>A-B+H2O

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of new molecules within the body’s cells and tissues

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8
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy required to start a reaction

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements

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10
Q

Catalysts

A

Compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed

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11
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of interlocking steps each controlled by a specific enzyme

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12
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy releasing

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13
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy requiring

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14
Q

Nutrients

A

The essential elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet

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15
Q

Metabolites

A

Include all the molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies

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16
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Do not contain carbon and hydrogen

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17
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contain hydrogen and carbon

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18
Q

Heat capacity

A

The ability to absorb and retain heat

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19
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule that has positive and negative poles

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20
Q

Hydration sphere

A

A mixture of cations and anions surrounded by water molecules

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21
Q

Colloid

A

A solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules

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22
Q

Suspension

A

Contains large particles in solution, if left undisturbed, particles will settle out due to gravity

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23
Q

Salt

A

Ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a OH ion

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24
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

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25
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Carb containing three to seven carbon atoms

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26
Q

Glucose

A

Hexose carb, most important fuel in the body

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27
Q

Fructose

A

Hexose carb, an isomer of glucose

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28
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined together, condensed by dehydration synthesis

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29
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis

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30
Q

Lipids

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, C to H ratio is near 1:2

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31
Q

Fatty acid

A

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached, one end is always a carboxyl group (COOH)

32
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipids derived from arachidonic acid, cannot be synthesized

33
Q

Two major classes of eicosanoids?

A

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

34
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Short-chain fatty acids in which 5 of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring

35
Q

Glycerol

A

A modified simple sugar used to attach chains of fatty acids

36
Q

Glyceride

A

The resulting lipid formed when glycerols attach fatty acids

37
Q

Monoglyceride

A

Consists of glycerol plus one fatty acid, subsequent reactions form di and tri glycerides

38
Q

Steroids

A

Large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon framework (4 rings of carbon and hydrogen) with an assortment of functional groups

39
Q

Phospholipid

A

A phosphate group links a diglyceride to a nonlipid group

40
Q

Glycolipid

A

A carbohydrate is attached to a diglyceride

41
Q

Membrane

A

Sheets or layers composed mainly of hydrophobic lipids

42
Q

Protein

A

Chains of amino acids

43
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic molecules consisting of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a variable side group (R group)

44
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

45
Q

Peptides

A

Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

46
Q

Polypeptides

A

Tripeptides and larger

47
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Form extended sheets or strands

48
Q

Globular proteins

A

Compact, generally rounded, and readily enter an aqueous solution

49
Q

Substrates

A

The reactants in enzymatic reactions

50
Q

Active site

A

The specific region of an enzyme where the substrates must bind

51
Q

Specificity

A

Each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction

52
Q

Isozymes

A

Enzymes that differ slightly in structure but catalyze the same reaction

53
Q

Saturation limit

A

The substrate concentration required to have the maximum rate of reactions

54
Q

Cofactor

A

An ion or a molecule that must bind to the enzyme before substrates can also bind

55
Q

Coenzymes

A

Nonprotein organic molecules that function as cofactors (vitamins)

56
Q

Denaturation

A

A change in tertiary or quarternary structure that makes a protein nonfunctional

57
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Large proteins with small carbohydrates molecules

58
Q

Mucus

A

Glycoprotein secretions (mucins) absorb water and form mucus

59
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Large polysaccharide molecules linked by polypeptide chains

60
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

61
Q

Two classes of nucleic acid?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

62
Q

Nucleotides

A

Individual subunits of a nucleic acid with 3 components:
•A pentose (5 carbon sugar either ribose or deoxyribose) attached to both:
•A phosphate group
•A nitrogenous base

63
Q

The five nitrogenous bases in nucleic acid?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

64
Q

Purines

A

Double ringed molecules of adenine and guanine

65
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single ringed molecules of cytosine, thymine, and uracil

66
Q

Occurs in both RNA and DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine

67
Q

Occurs only in RNA?

A

Uracil

68
Q

Occurs only in DNA?

A

Thymine

69
Q

High-energy compound

A

Generally connects a phosphate group to an organic molecule

70
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The attachment of one phosphate group to another molecule

71
Q

Adenosine diphosphate

A

Adenosine monophospate with a second attached phosphate group attached with a high energy bond

72
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

Adenosine monophosphate with two additional phosphate groups bonded by a high energy bond

73
Q

Adenosine triphosphatase

A

The enzyme required to convert ATP to ADP

74
Q

Metabolic turnover

A

The continuous removal and replacement of various components of the cell

75
Q

Complementary base pairs

A

Adenine-thymine

Cytosine-guanine

Anatomy (6 decks)

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