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Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • cells are building blocks of all plants and animals
  • all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
  • cells are the smallest units that perform all physiological functions
  • each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
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2
Q

Cell biology

A

Integrates aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics

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3
Q

Sex cells
(Germ cells)
(Reproductive cells)

A

Either the sperm or the oocytes

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4
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells in the body except the sex cells

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5
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell

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6
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Phospholipid molecules form two layers in the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Two general structural classes of membrane proteins?

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

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8
Q

Integral proteins

A

Part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane; outnumber peripheral proteins

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9
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it

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10
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of supporting filaments in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins that span the width of the membrane one or more times

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13
Q

Recognition proteins

A

The cells of the immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of these

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14
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Sensitive to the presence of specific extraxellular molecules called ligands

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15
Q

Ligands

A

Extracellular molecule that binds to an appropriate receptor

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16
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane

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17
Q

Channels

A

Some integral proteins contain a central pore that forms a passageway completely across the plasma membrane

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18
Q

Rafts

A

Area that certain embedded proteins are confined to and mark the location of anchoring proteins and some receptor proteins

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19
Q

Glycocalyx

A

The carbohydrate portion of large molecules that extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane

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20
Q

General function of cell/plasma membrane?

A

Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

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21
Q

Functions of glycocalyx?

A

Lubrication and protection, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding, recognition

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

General term for material located between plasma membrane and membrane surrounding the nucleus

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23
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid, contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products

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24
Q

Organelles

A

Structures suspended within the cytosol that perform specific functions

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25
Q

Inclusions

A

Masses of insoluble material

Ex. Melanin in the skin, mineral deposits in bone

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26
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

Not surrounded by a membrane and components are in direct contact with the cytosol

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27
Q

Membrane organelles

A

Isolated from cytosol by phospholipid membrane

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28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Functions as the cells skeleton, provides a protein framework

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29
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest of the cytoskeletal elements, protein strands

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30
Q

Actin

A

Protein that makes up microfilaments

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31
Q

3 functions of microfilaments

A
  • Additional mechanical strength; attach plasma membrane to cytoplasm
  • determine the consistency of cytoplasm-dense area of microfilaments gelatinous consistency, dispersed cytoplasm more fluid
  • pairs with myosin for muscle movement
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32
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Mid-sizes between micro and thick filaments

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33
Q

Functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • strengthen the cell and maintain shape
  • stabilize positions of organelles
  • stabilize stabilize cell position
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34
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes built from globular protein tubulin

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35
Q

Functions of microtubules

A
  • strengthens cell by giving it rigidity, anchors organelles
  • changes cell shape by disassembly
  • move vesicles and organelles within the cell using kinesin and dynein
  • form spindle apparatus which aids in cell division
  • form structural components of organelles such as centrioles and cilia
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36
Q

Thick filaments

A

Massive bundles of myosin that interact with actin to produce contractions

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37
Q

Microvilli

A

Small finger like projections of plasma membrane

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38
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylindrical structures composed of microtubules, only present in cells able to divide

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39
Q

Centrosome

A

The cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles, heart of the cytoskeletal system

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40
Q

Cilia

A

Fairly long, slender extensions of plasma membrane

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41
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible for protein synthesis, can be free moving or attached to ER

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42
Q

Proteasomes

A

Organelles that contain a protein digesting assortment of enzymes (used to recycle old proteins)

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43
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope

44
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus, double membrane with its two layers separated by a narrow perinuclear space

45
Q

Cisternae

A

Storage chambers of the ER

46
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

47
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Has ribosomes, functions as a combination workshop and shipping warehouse

48
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Small membranous sacs that pinch off from the tips of the Cisternae

49
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of five or six flattened membranous discs (Cisternae)

50
Q

Lysosomes

A

Special vesicles that provide an isolated environment for potentially dangerous chemical reactions, produced by the Golgi apparatus

51
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Absorb and break down fatty acids, generate hydrogen peroxide, replicate by division

52
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for production of ATP

53
Q

Cristae

A

Inner folded membrane of mitochondria, increases surface area exposed to fluid contents

54
Q

Matrix

A

The fluid contents of the mitochondria

55
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (happens in cell cytoplasm) pyruvic acid then absorbed by the mitochondria

56
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

The remainder of the pyruvic acid (after a CO2 molecule is removed) enters, cycle breaks down pyruvic acid

57
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Mitochondrial activities require oxygen

58
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, control center, contains DNA

59
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Allow for chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

60
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

Network of fine filaments that provide structural support and may be involved in the regulation of genetic activity

61
Q

Nucleoli

A

Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize rRNA, made up of RNA, enzymes, and histones

62
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA strands that wind around histones

63
Q

Chromatin

A

Nucleosomes that are loosely coiled within the nucleus, found in cells that are not dividing

64
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled DNA, cells dividing

65
Q

Genetic code

A

The chemical language cells use, triplet code (3 bases=1 amino acid)

66
Q

Gene

A

A functional unit of heredity

67
Q

Gene activation

A

Portion of DNA containing a specific gene must be uncoiled and histones temporarily removed

68
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

69
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA carries the information needed to synthesize proteins

70
Q

Coding strand

A

The strand containing the triplets that specify the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide

71
Q

Coding strand

A

Contains complementary triplets that will be used as a template for mRNA production

72
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that binds to the promoter to start the process of transcription

73
Q

RNA processing

A

Nonsense regions snipped out of RNA

74
Q

Introns

A

Nonsense regions of RNA

75
Q

Exons

A

Remaining coding segments that leave a much shorter mRNA strand

76
Q

Translation

A

The formation of a linear chain of amino acids using information provided by an mRNA strand

77
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Small mobile type of RNA that provides amino acids during protein synthesis

78
Q

Anticodon

A

The loop part of tRNA that contains three nitrogenous bases and bonds with mRNA’s codon

79
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

Proteins bind specific ions or organic substances and carry them across the plasma membrane

80
Q

Cotransport

A

The carrier transports two substances in the same direction simultaneously

81
Q

Counter transport

A

One substance moves in, and the other goes out

82
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Substances are passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins

83
Q

Active transport

A

A high energy bond needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane

84
Q

Ion pumps

A

Actively transport cations Na, K, Ca, Mg (only moves one way)

85
Q

Exchange pump

A

Pumps ions in and out of the cell at the same time

86
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Transport mechanism does not require energy but the cell needs to expend energy at a later time to preserve homeostasis

87
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Materials move in or out of the cell in vesicles

88
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membranous sacs that form at or fuse with the plasma membrane

89
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials are packaged at the cell surface and imported into the cell

90
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Produces vesicles that contain a specific target molecule in high concentrations

91
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The formation of endosomes filled with extracellular fluid

92
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Produces phagosomes containing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself

93
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Cytoplasmic extensions

94
Q

Exocytosis

A

Functional reverse of endocytosis

95
Q

Transmembrane potential

A

The potential difference across a plasma membrane

96
Q

Resting potential

A

The transmembrane potential in an undisturbed cell

97
Q

Cell division

A

Cellular reproduction that takes one cell and produces a pair of daughter cells (each half the size of the original)

98
Q

Apoptosis

A

The genetically controlled death of a cell

99
Q

DNA replication

A

The duplication of a cell’s genetic material

100
Q

Mitosis

A

The nuclear division of a cell

101
Q

Meiosis

A

The production of sex cells

102
Q

Helicases

A

Enzymes that unwind DNA strands

103
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Bind to the exposed nitrogenous bases of DNA strand

104
Q

Mitotic rate

A

Rate of cell division

105
Q

Stem cells

A

Maintain cell populations through repeated cycles of cell division

Anatomy (6 decks)

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