Chapter 4

Question 1

Clonazepam

Answer 1

Anxiolytics of BZD group

GABA A allosteric modulator. Non selective binding to alpha subunit of BZD receptor. Enhance affinity to GABA A receptor to endogenous ligand. GABA, hyperpolarization of cell membrane. Long action. Anxiolytic, myorelxant, anti seizure and hypnotic

Psychiatric and psychoneurotic disease, seizures

Question 2

Clonidine

Answer 2

Central alpha 2 adrenoreceptors and imidazoline receptor agonist

Central presynpatic and postsynaptic alpha 2 receptor and imidazoline receptor stimulaton, peripheral blood vessel dilation. Hypotensive effect. Regulates subcortical activity in the brain. Decreases pain impulse transmission in the brain co analgesic effect

AH
Coanlgesia

Question 3

Clopidogrel

Answer 3

Anti platelet

ADP (P2Y12) receptor antagonist, blocks thrombocyte activation in aggregation phase antithombotic effect

Secondary prophylaxis of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular thrombosis

Question 4

Clotrimazole

Answer 4

Antiinfective, Antimycotic agents, azole derivatives 1sr gen imidazole

Demethylase inhibition, inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell wall membrane and altering its permeability. Fungistatic effect

Dermatophytes and candida (type of yeast) fungal infection of the skin, genitalia mucosa membrane

Question 5

Codeine

Answer 5

Opiod

Delta, kappa, mu opiod receptor agonist, after conversion to morphine, spinal and Supra spinal analgesia. Analgesic effect.
Direct suppression of cough reflex in medulla oblangata cough center, antitussive. Could cause dependence

Mild to moderate pain, non productive cough

Question 6

Co- trimoxazole( combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim)

Answer 6

Combined synthetic antimicrobal and agent. Sulphonilamdie plus trimetoprim

Folate antagonist. T: tetrahydrofolate reductase inhibitor. S: dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, PABA antagonist.
Bactericidal effect

Treatment of infections caused bacteria that are sensitive to this antibacterial agent. Urethritis, cystitis, acute otitis

Question 7

Dabigatran

Answer 7

Direct oral anticoagulant

Competitive direct thrombin ( IIa anticoagulant factor) inhibitior, antithrombotic action

Prophylaxis and treatment of DVT and PE

Question 8

Desmopressin

Answer 8

Neurohypophyseal hormone, analogue of anti diuretic

Vasopressin2 receptor agonist,analog is antidiuretic hormone that affects conservation of water in kidneys. Antidiuretic action. Increasing plasma levels of factor 8 activity in hemophiliac individuals and patients with von willebrand disease. Antihemorrhagic action

1. Diabetes insipdus, nocturnal enuresis
2. Hemophilia A, vW disease

Question 9

Dextretorphan

Answer 9

Central acting antitussive

NMDA antagonist, sigma 1-2 nonopiod redeptor agonist, depress activity in cough center in medulla oblangata. Antitussive

Non productive cough

Question 10

Diazepam

Answer 10

Anxiolytics BZD group

GABA A allosteric modulator. Non selective binding to alpha subunit, enhance affinity of GABA A receptor to endogenous ligand- GABA, hyperpolarization of cell membrane. Long action, anxiolytics, myorelaxant, anti seizures and hypnotic action long term use cause dependence.

Psychiatric and psychoneurotic diseases. Anxiety, sedation, seizures