Chapter 4 Flashcards
Modern generations have dramatic reductions in death rate due to:
Antibiotics Prenatal care Blood transfusions Safe anesthesia Improved hygiene Drugs for inducing labor Prenatal assessments
Parturition
The act or process of giving birth, which happens two weeks before delivery due to rise in estrogen levels that stimulate the cervix to become more flexible
Stage 1 of Childbirth
Dilation of cervix, longest lasting stage at 12-14 hours
Regular and increasing uterine contractions
15-20 minutes at first, then 2-5 minutes later
Lasts until cervix is dilated to 10 cm
Stage 2 of Childbirth
1-2 hours, descent/emergence of baby
Head begins to move through cervix into vaginal canal
Baby emerges completely
Stage 3 of Childbirth
Lasts between 10 min - 1 hour, placenta and remainder of umbilical cord expelled from mother
APGAR Scale
Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition:
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
Assessed 1 and 5 minutes after birth w/ max score of 10
After 5 minutes, want a 7-10 score indicating the baby is in good-excellent condition
APGAR 5-7 Score
Baby needs help to establish breathing
APGAR <4 Score
Baby needs life-saving treatment
Increasing score to 4 or more w/in 10 minutes has no long-term damage to result
_____% of babies born in the U.S. Score 7-10 in first 5 minutes
98.4%
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
Tests responses to physical and social environment
Identifies strengths/vulnerabilities in neurological functioning
Motor Organization NBAS
Hand to mouth, testing activity level
Reflexes NBAS
Irritability, excitability, able to quiet down after getting upset
Attention and interactive capacity NBAS
General alertness, response to visual/auditory stimuli
CNS Instability NBAS
Tremors/changes in skin color
Low Birth Weight
Born weighing less than 5.5 pounds
Two types: born early and born small
15.5% of all births
Prematurity and low birth weight are the second-leading cause of infant death, after birth defects
Low Birth Weight Factors
Attributed to poor nutrition by the mother Delaying child bearing Multiple births Use of fertility drugs Induced c-sections
Small-for-date infants
Born at or around their due date, but are smaller than would be expected, born early because of inadequate prenatal nutrition, slowing fetal growth
Postmature
A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period
Tend to be long and thin because they have kept growing in the womb but have had insufficient blood supply
Induce labor or perform c-sections to reduce risk of brain damage or death (to decline in poster births in recent years)
Low birth weight risks
Neurological and cognitive impairment
Lower academic achievement
Social, behavioral, and attention problems
Adult on-set diabetes
Greater likelihood of CP, autism, low IQ, lowered educational achievements
Number of worldwide infant deaths
6.6 million in 2012
3 million died in 1st month of life
1/2 occurred in 24 hours of life
Majority in developing countries (South Asia, West/Central Africa).
Chief causes of neonatal death
86% of all neonatal deaths Severe infections Sepsis Pneumonia Tetanus Diarrhea Preterm delivery Asphyxia
Factors for preventable neonatal death
Poverty
Poor maternal health and nutrition
Infection
Inadequate medical care
Infant mortality rate
Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year
Leading cause of infant deaths are _______
Birth defects, followed by disorders related to prematurity of low birth weight, SIDS, maternal complications, placenta complications, umbilical cord
Improvement of infant mortality related to
Prevention of SIDS
Effective treatment for respiratory distress and medical advances in keeping small babies alive
SIDS
Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant
Remains unexplained after a thorough investigation
True or False
SIDS is the leading cause of post neonatal infant death in the United States
True
Growth patterns
First 3 years of life is when a person will grow faster than they ever will
Genes have great influence on whether you will be tall/short, short/stocky
Teething
Usually begins around 3 or 4 months, when infants begin grabbing almost everything
First tooth between 5 and 9 months
By 1st birthday babies have 6 to 8 teeth
