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PSY 150 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of sperm an ovum to produce a single-celled zygote

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2
Q

Zygote

A

One-celled organism resulting from fertilization

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3
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Conceived by the union of two different ova with 2 different sperm cells (fraternal twins) - share 50% of genes

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4
Q

Monozygotic

A

Twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization (identical twins) - sharing 100% of genes

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5
Q

What are factors resulting in multiple birth rates?

A

Delaying childbirth until an older age

Increasing use of fertility drugs

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6
Q

Related risks to multiple births

A

Pregnancy complications
Premature delivery and lower birth weight
Infant disability or death

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7
Q

True or False

Age at first birth is increasing, birth at an age > 35 increases risks

A

True

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8
Q

Multiple births have gone up ___% since year _____

A

78%

1980

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coils of DNA that consist of genes

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10
Q

Human genome

A

Complete sequence of genes in the human body

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11
Q

Genes

A

Functional units of heredity

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

Sex-cell division

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13
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division

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14
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics

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15
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

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16
Q

DNA

A

Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of cellular life

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17
Q

________(mother/father) determines the sex of the baby

A

Father

18
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes not related to sexual expression

19
Q

Dominant

A

Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed

20
Q

Recessive

A

Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives identical recessive alleles, results in expression of a non dominant trait

21
Q

Alleles

A

Genes that can produce an alternative expression of a characteristic

22
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Interaction of several genes for a trait (ex: no gene for intelligence, large number of genes working together)

23
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical copies of a gene

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different copies of a gene

25
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable expression of genetic makeup - product of the genotype

26
Q

Genotype

A

Actual genetic makeup or allele combinations

27
Q

Multifactorial transmission

A

Experience modifies the expression of a genotype - nature vs nurture

28
Q

True or False

Most birth disorders are rare, only 3% occur in live births

A

True

29
Q

Birth disorders account for _____% of all deaths in the 1st year

A

19.5%

30
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities include:

A

Errors in cell division
Result in mission or extra chromosomes
Can occur in sex chromosomes or autosomes

31
Q

What is the #1 and #2 genetic abnormalities?

A
  1. Cleft palate

2. Down syndrome

32
Q

Down syndrome

A

aka Trisomy 21 - extra 21st chromosome

33
Q

What is the most common autosomal disorder?

A

Down syndrome

34
Q

___% of all cases of down syndrome have moderate to severe mental retardation

A

40%

35
Q

Where are the areas of the brain that shrink in volume by adulthood in people with down syndrome?

A

Hippocampal area/prefrontal cortex - cognitive dysfunction

Cerebellum - motor coordination

36
Q

There is an increased risk for early death in people with down syndrome because of what factors?

A

Increased chance of leukemia
Cancer
Alzheimer’s
CVD

37
Q

Concordant

A

Term describing tendency of twins to share same disorder

38
Q

Heritability

A

Statistical estimate of heritable influence on trait variance in a population (how much of a trait is due to genetics and how much is it as a result of environment?)

39
Q

Reaction rage

A

Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait
ex: child born w/ mild cognitive delay can respond to environment more than child born w/ severe limitations

40
Q

Intelligence

A

Heredity exerts a strong influence
Polygenic trait; influence by the additive effects of large numbers of genes working together
Brain size and structure
Genetic influence - responsible for stability in cognitive performance increases with age

PSY 150 (6 decks)

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