Chapter 2

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

A set of logically related concepts that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior might occur under certain conditions

Theories can be disproved but never proved
Research about human behavior are products of human individuals, whose inquires and interpretations are influenced by their own values and experience

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

Explanations that can be tested by further research

Question 3

Five major perspectives

Answer 3

Psychoanalytic
Learning
Cognitive
Contextual
Evolutionary/Sociobiological

Question 4

Psychoanalytic

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) Unconscious forces motivate human behavior 
Humans are born with innate and biological drives - hunger, sex, aggression 
People are motivated to satisfy these urges and they will try to do it in a socially acceptable way
Childhood as an important precursor to adult behavior

Question 5

ID

Answer 5

Develops as a newborn

Pleasure principle - the drive to seek immediate satisfaction of their needs and desires

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

Develops during 1st year

Reality principle - find realistic ways to gratify the id that are acceptable to the superego

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

Develops 5 and 6 years

Follows rules, is the “conscience” - incorporates should/should nots into value system

Question 8

Oral stage of psychosexual development

Answer 8

Birth to 12-18 months

Feeding/sucking is the main source of pleasure

Question 9

Anal stage of psychosexual development

Answer 9

12-18 months to 3 years
Child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces
Zone of gratification is anal region, and toilet training is important

Question 10

Phallic stage of psychosexual development

Answer 10

3 to 6 years
Key event in psychosexual development occurs in this stage
Child becomes attached to parent of the other sex and later identifies with same-sex parent.
Super ego develops

Question 11

Latency stage of psychosexual development

Answer 11

6 years to puberty

Time of relative calm between more turbulent stages

Question 12

Genital stage of psychosexual development

Answer 12

Puberty through adulthood
Reemergence of sexual impulses of phallic stage, channeled into mature adult sexuality (heterosexual relations with persons outside the family of origin).

Question 13

Psychosocial Development

Answer 13

Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994)
Modified and extended Freudian theory by emphasizing influence of society on developing personality
"Life-span perspective"
Covers 8 stages of development
Each stage involves a "crisis"

Question 14

Crisis

Answer 14

Major psychosocial challenge that is particularly important at the time and will remain an issue to some degree - issue must be resolved for healthy development

Question 15

Behaviorism

Answer 15

Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior

Question 16

Classical conditioning

Answer 16

Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936) Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit a response

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

B.F. Skinner - Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences
Will tend to repeat a response that has been reinforced by desirable consequences and will suppress a response that has been punished

Question 18

Sequence of operant conditioning

Answer 18

Babbling baby -> mother smiles, repeats babbling back to baby -> baby loves attention from parent -> more babbling for mother’s attention

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

Process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Positive: giving a reward (candy for finishing HW)
Negative: removing something averse (No chores for getting A+ on test)

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

Process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition
Positive: adding something aversive (getting scolded)
Negative: removing something pleasant (taking away car keys)

Question 21

Social Learning Theory

Answer 21

Albert Bandura

Using reciprocal determinism for impetus of development

Question 22

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 22

Person acts on the world as the world acts on them

Question 23

Observational learning

Answer 23

Learning appropriate social behaviors by observing and imitating models

Question 24

Choosing models

Answer 24

People tend to choose models who are prestigious, imitation of models is an active process for language learning, dealing with aggression, developing moral sense and learning gender appropriateness

Question 25

Self-efficacy

Answer 25

sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals